Fig. 3

Loading and boundary conditions (a) The proximal end of the tibia was fixed, and the distal end was axially loaded with 1.3 N, (b) The periosteal and endocortical surfaces of the bone were prescribed zero-fluid-flow and zero-pressure (\(p=0\)) conditions, respectively. (c) To mimic the physiological loading, a Haversine loading waveform with a frequency of 1Â Hz was assumed.