Fig. 3
The effect of eight quinoa accession leaves extracts on LPS-induced TNF-α secretion in RAW 264.7 cells. The macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 was incubated with eight quinoa accession-based extracts for 30 min, followed by stimulation with 100 ng/ml LPS for 4 h. A control group was treated with DMSO only, while another control group was treated with LPS only. The figure is divided into four parts (A, B, C, and D), representing the effect of ETDW, ET, EA, and HE extracts, respectively, on LPS-induced TNF-α secretion. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of triplicate technical measurements from four independent experiments (n = 4). A one-way ANOVA was performed to assess statistical significance, assuming a normal distribution, with multiple comparisons corrected using Tuckey’s test. The results are presented as a percentage of inhibition relative to the LPS control group.
