Table 3 Results of univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA).

IV	DV	F-statistic	P-value	Partial Eta squared (η²)	Effect size (Cohen’s F)	Cohen’s F (95% CI, Lower)	Cohen’s F (95% CI, Upper)
Gender	HPS	3.882	0.050	0.020	0.141	0	0.28
	HSI	0.099	0.753	0.001	0.023	0	0.16
	AMH	3.466	0.064	0.018	0.134	0	0.27
	SS	4.799	0.029	0.024	0.157	0	0.3
	CA	3.025	0.084	0.015	0.125	0	0.26
	AE	2.753	0.099	0.014	0.119	0	0.26
	NHS	0.289	0.592	0.001	0.039	0	0.18
	FHI	1.850	0.175	0.009	0.098	0	0.24
	UHI	0.645	0.423	0.003	0.058	0	0.2
Health insurance	HPS	18.657	2.5e − 5	0.087	0.309	0.16	0.45
	HSI	7.211	7.8e − 3	0.035	0.192	0.05	0.33
	AMH	0.564	0.454	0.003	0.054	0	0.2
	SS	13.311	3.3e − 4	0.064	0.261	0.12	0.4
	CA	7.079	8.4e − 3	0.035	0.190	0.05	0.33
	AE	4.441	0.036	0.022	0.151	0	0.29
	NHS	13.372	3.3e − 4	0.064	0.261	0.12	0.4
	FHI	6.815	9.7e − 3	0.034	0.186	0.04	0.33
	UHI	6.741	0.010	0.033	0.185	0.04	0.32
On campus gym	HPS	0.679	0.411	0.003	0.059	0	0.2
	HSI	9.060	2.9e − 3	0.044	0.214	0.07	0.35
	AMH	34.410	1.8e − 8	0.148	0.417	0.27	0.56
	SS	3.178	0.076	0.016	0.127	0	0.27
	CA	0.657	0.419	0.003	0.058	0	0.2
	AE	5.749	0.017	0.028	0.170	0.03	0.31
	NHS	4.463	0.036	0.022	0.150	0	0.29
	FHI	2.081	0.151	0.010	0.010	0	0.24
	UHI	5.365	0.022	0.026	0.165	0.016	0.3
Family income	HPS	14.935	1e − 6	0.132	0.39	0.23	0.52
	HSI	8.731	2.3e − 4	0.082	0.298	0.14	0.43
	AMH	4.579	0.011	0.045	0.216	0.05	0.35
	SS	6.292	0.002	0.06	0.253	0.1	0.38
	CA	4.406	0.013	0.043	0.212	0.04	0.34
	AE	4.139	0.017	0.041	0.206	0.03	0.33
	NHS	6.153	0.0026	0.059	0.251	0.1	0.38
	FHI	2.569	0.079	0.026	0.162	0	0.29
	UHI	1.043	0.354	0.011	0.103	0	0.22

HPS Feeling understood and supported by healthcare providers, HSI Having sufficient information to manage my health, AMH Actively managing my health, SS Social support for health, CA Appraisal of health information, AE Ability to actively engage with healthcare providers, NHS Navigating the healthcare system, FHI Ability to find good health information, UHI Understanding health information well enough to know what to do, IV independent variables, DV dependent variables.
F-statistic and P-value, and Partial Eta squared (η²) result from ANOVA testing, while the effect size was calculated using Cohen’s F metric.

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