Table 4 Measurement items and convergent validity analysis.

Mass Media KMO = 0.693

I have seen information regarding AVs from the mass media.

0.814

0.767

0.682

I have read reports on AVs in the mass media.

0.840

Through the mass media, I have a better understanding of AVs.

0.823

Electronic Word-of-Mouth KMO = 0.766

When deciding whether to use AV technology, I will read reviews and ratings from online social media.

0.653

0.764

0.552

I will thoroughly evaluate the views of experts or technological critics when deciding whether to adopt AV technology.

0.643

The comments of others are critical to my decisions regarding AV technology.

0.760

I may consider using it when I hear positive comments about AV technology.

0.889

Self-efficacy KMO = 0.872

I believe I can master the skills of using AVs.

0.816

0.892

0.698

I believe I can provide instructions for AVs based on the system prompts.

0.783

I believe I can handle all kinds of situations involving AVs.

0.850

I believe I can quickly learn how to operate an AV.

0.856

Overall, I believe I am capable of using AVs.

0.871

Subjective Norm KMO = 0.912

Individuals of significance in my life would believe that I ought to use AVs.

0.911

0.945

0.820

Most people whose opinions I value advocate for my prompt adoption of AVs.

0.914

People expect me to adopt AVs in the future.

0.898

People who influence my behavior would believe that I ought to use AVs.

0.919

Most people think I should choose an AV as soon as possible.

0.886

Trust KMO = 0.925

I think AVs are reliable.

0.888

0.930

0.741

I think AVs’ technology is reliable enough to work well in various traffic conditions.

0.889

I am comfortable with the software updates and maintenance for AVs and trust them to ensure the system’s proper functioning.

0.868

I believe that AVs’ technology can effectively mitigate traffic accidents.

0.832

I have confidence in the data privacy measures for AVs.

0.800

Generally, I can trust AVs.

0.885

Adoption Intention KMO = 0.897

I anticipate utilizing AVs in the future.

0.863

0.913

0.741

I would like to experience AVs now if given the opportunity.

0.864

I plan to purchase AVs in the future if the pricing is favorable.

0.868

I plan to ride, use, lease, or buy an AV in the future.

0.846

Should AV technology be available in my region, I would be open to contemplating its usage.

0.864

KMO = 0.950, Bartlett = 6552.068, P = 0.000, DF = 378, Total Variance Explained = 73.954%, Extract Factors = 6, 6 Factor rotation converged in iterative calculation.