Table 10 Heterogeneity test results by per capita GDP level.
Variable | Livser | Infser | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | Column(1) Low-Income Level | Column(2) High-Income Level | Column(3) Middle-Income Level | Column(4) Low-Income Level | Column(5) High-Income Level | Column(6) Middle-Income Level |
dig | 0.5028068*** (3.63) | − 0.0135169 (− 0.56) | − 0.0223286** (− 2.05) | 0.0493285** (2.11) | − 0.0147386** (− 2.41) | 0.1527839*** (3.23) |
W × dig | 3.1847363*** (2.96) | 0.1135746*** (2.69) | 0.0387552 (0.35) | 0.3147298** (2.16) | − 0.0927348** (− 2.04) | − 0.0924351*** (− 2.88) |
Direct effect | 0.4004097*** (2.64) | − 0.0134692 (− 0.87) | − 0.0278715** (− 2.08) | 0.0290874* (1.65) | − 0.0142837** (− 2.09) | 0.1382154*** (3.45) |
Spatial spillover effect | 1.7885717** (2.37) | 0.0915638** (2.34) | 0.0254348 (0.48) | 0.1673289* (1.78) | − 0.0624518* (− 1.74) | − 0.0583727** (− 2.33) |
Total effect | 2.1889814*** (2.71) | 0.0780946* (1.77) | − 0.0024367 (− 0.11) | 0.1964163** (2.04) | − 0.0767355* (− 1.87) | 0.0798427*** (2.67) |
Control variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Individual fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Year fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Sigma2_e | 0.0029326*** (9.92) | 0.0000456*** (9.72) | 0.0000486*** (9.42) | 0.003982*** (8.45) | 5.87e − 06*** (10.14) | 0.0028154*** (9.47) |
Log-likelihood | 240.5201 | 723.5162 | 722.7318 | 327.2426 | 915.1357 | 263.1483 |
Spatial rho | − 0.777104** (− 2.53) | − 0.8796453*** (− 2.93) | − 0.6836457** (− 2.23) | − 0.9842391*** (− 2.97) | − 0.5471021* (− 1.72) | − 0.7548216** (− 2.36) |
Goodness of fit | 0.6379 | 0.5824 | 0.3529 | 0.3125 | 0.4823 | 0.2226 |
Number of observations | 10,530 | 4845 | 6300 | 10,530 | 4845 | 6300 |
