Table 2 Inflammatory cytokine profiles of Omicron-infected patients.

From: Metabolic features of patients with repeated Omicron infections highlight new targets for therapeutic intervention

Variables in blood (pg/mL)

Healthy, N = 20

First infection, N = 28

Re-infection, N = 38

P value (first infection vs. healthy)

P value (reinfection vs. healthy)

sCD40L

2,634.09 (1,960.52)

995.11 (1,441.55)

690.25 (644.54)

< 0.0011

< 0.0011

EGF

259.84 (170.19)

58.99 (45.38)

51.30 (43.03)

< 0.0011

< 0.0011

Eotaxin

55.73 (17.45)

70.77 (29.91)

64.88 (29.21)

0.21

0.31

FGF-2

118.17 (203.11)

63.83 (47.90)

111.22 (243.82)

0.0281

0.0151

FLT-3 L

4.45 (6.00)

2.94 (2.52)

3.56 (2.08)

0.51

0.61

Fractakine

151.79 (77.04)

172.65 (215.75)

161.37 (123.60)

0.41

0.71

G-CSF

47.34 (39.60)

57.95 (56.16)

54.80 (43.87)

> 0.91

0.51

GM-CSF

3.38 (10.48)

2.53 (11.54)

3.65 (18.55)

0.61

> 0.91

GRO-α

40.82 (29.30)

23.57 (24.65)

15.08 (14.62)

0.0101

< 0.0011

IFN-α2

135.51 (238.03)

65.53 (57.21)

110.47 (232.80)

0.31

> 0.91

IFN-ϒ

7.15 (19.22)

3.61 (4.74)

16.45 (40.86)

> 0.91

0.0231

IL-1α

44.98 (153.89)

9.40 (15.56)

49.12 (218.15)

0.21

0.61

IL-1β

18.52 (44.62)

6.98 (10.81)

19.16 (53.70)

0.21

> 0.91

IL-1RA

9.04 (23.04)

35.78 (115.70)

47.53 (65.49)

0.0121

< 0.0011

IL-2

5.36 (19.07)

0.70 (0.94)

6.26 (25.47)

0.0941

> 0.91

IL-3

1.36 (1.09)

1.54 (2.82)

0.91 (0.80)

0.51

0.21

IL-4

8.97 (21.63)

2.06 (1.22)

3.49 (5.69)

0.0281

0.0681

IL-5

2.14 (1.85)

1.41 (1.15)

2.00 (1.91)

0.0821

0.61

IL-6

12.20 (32.91)

13.66 (27.52)

10.79 (17.08)

0.31

0.21

IL-7

4.69 (4.39)

2.50 (2.89)

4.27 (14.99)

0.0121

< 0.0011

IL-8

4.40 (3.89)

7.32 (10.87)

3.68 (3.52)

0.81

0.21

IL-9

25.37 (7.00)

21.72 (6.49)

29.74 (25.88)

0.0881

0.31

IL-10

6.63 (6.50)

17.71 (22.41)

18.02 (38.37)

0.0051

0.0011

IL-12(p40)

78.26 (75.81)

76.50 (71.00)

140.18 (269.96)

0.71

0.0681

IL-12(p70)

13.70 (30.82)

5.57 (7.84)

27.70 (137.24)

0.121

0.31

IL-13

58.37 (44.87)

43.43 (53.78)

48.77 (61.61)

0.0811

0.21

IL-15

10.41 (24.37)

11.26 (12.88)

8.34 (10.01)

0.0201

0.21

IL-17 A

13.98 (40.66)

4.04 (4.46)

11.76 (36.94)

0.31

0.61

IL-17E/IL-25

1,455.60 (3,207.50)

546.00 (250.61)

1,440.00 (3,514.67)

0.0701

> 0.91

IL-17 F

16.16 (30.37)

8.09 (4.15)

49.77 (195.98)

0.131

0.61

IL-18

21.02 (17.37)

110.09 (302.56)

115.17 (187.09)

< 0.0011

0.0051

IL-22

106.17 (106.87)

76.01 (97.43)

121.35 (158.35)

0.131

0.61

IL-27

1,013.30 (1,062.82)

1,226.40 (770.61)

1,001.81 (669.17)

0.121

0.31

IP-10

209.12 (111.41)

1,720.74 (2,333.62)

1,718.11 (2,432.09)

< 0.0011

< 0.0011

MCP-1

163.69 (66.70)

385.76 (560.04)

306.83 (303.78)

0.0081

< 0.0011

MCP-3

25.97 (17.11)

20.60 (16.57)

30.58 (41.69)

0.21

0.71

M-CSF

66.67 (72.58)

116.07 (83.86)

110.90 (74.77)

0.0061

0.0011

MDC

383.51 (135.86)

266.54 (152.74)

350.39 (124.35)

0.0081

0.51

MIG

3,976.65 (4,943.92)

4,530.50 (5,152.26)

5,095.91 (5,630.50)

0.31

0.0211

MIP-1α

16.94 (8.81)

14.42 (9.70)

24.26 (26.03)

0.31

0.81

MIP-1β

39.80 (23.26)

28.49 (13.32)

47.49 (85.27)

0.0581

0.111

PDGF-AA

5,916.90 (3,510.91)

2,722.48 (4,050.92)

2,191.39 (1,363.24)

< 0.0011

< 0.0011

PDGF-AB/BB

22,602.40 (20,166.71)

21,469.83 (74,006.60)

8,249.03 (5,041.23)

< 0.0011

< 0.0011

RANTES

1,830.48 (673.77)

1,775.63 (653.11)

1,812.95 (411.72)

0.71

0.41

TGFα

9.40 (27.16)

3.44 (2.18)

186.63 (1,067.39)

> 0.91

0.61

TNFα

17.89 (14.10)

19.64 (11.74)

23.33 (15.94)

0.31

0.0381

TNFβ

14.69 (13.37)

9.89 (11.54)

15.58 (26.21)

0.0461

0.111

VEGF-A

194.44 (169.83)

109.82 (116.41)

93.80 (96.45)

0.0121

< 0.0011

  1. Values indicated are Mean (SD). P-values were calculated using Wilcoxon rank sum test for numerical variables. SD, standard deviation. 1Wilcoxon rank sum test.
Back to article page