Fig. 1

KA-induced M1 polarization of microglia HMC3. Flow cytometry was used to detect M1 macrophage markers CD80 (A-B) and IL-1β (C-D), as well as M2 macrophage markers CD206 (E-F) and CD163 (G-H). RT-qPCR was performed to measure the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α (I), IL-6 (J), TGF-β (K), and IL-10 (L). Western blot analysis was conducted to assess the protein expression of KA receptors GLUK5 and GLUK2 (M-O). ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001.