Fig. 1

Neural-evoked functional assessments from VML-injured muscles at 56 days. Average maximum torque values were normalized to body weight (a) or muscle weight (b) to evaluate the effects of biological sex and treatment on muscle function post-VML (n = 8–10 muscles/group). Maximum torque values were recorded at increasing frequencies and normalized to body weight (n = 8–10 muscles/group). (c) Maximum isometric torque values from VML-injured muscles were normalized to the uninjured contralateral values to assess recovery of muscle function (n = 10–13 muscles/group). (d) Maximum isometric torque values post-tenotomy of the EDL were normalized to pre-tenotomy values to examine the effects of biological sex and treatment on force imbalance due to VML (n = 8 muscles/group). Females and males are represented by red and blue markers, respectively. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance is indicated by *(P < 0.05) and **(P < 0.01), as determined by two-way or three-way ANOVA with Sidak’s post hoc test. NR = no repair; MMG = minced muscle graft; BW = body weight; EDL = extensor digitorum longus.