Table 1 Baseline characteristics of glucocorticoid users and nonusers.
Variables | MIMIC-IV + eICU-CRD | MIMIC-IV | eICU-CRD | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glucocorticoid users (n = 1334) | Nonusers (n = 7425) | P value | Glucocorticoid users (n = 1127) | Nonusers (n = 5600) | P value | Glucocorticoid users (n = 207) | Nonusers (n = 1825) | P value | |
Age (years) | 67.37 (56.76–77.76) | 68.83 (57.00–80.00) | < 0.01 | 67.21 (56.53–77.81) | 68.92 (57.07–80.12) | < 0.01 | 68.00 (58.00–77.00) | 68.00 (57.00–80.00) | 0.38 |
Gender [male, n (%)] | 664 (49.8%) | 4323 (58.2%) | < 0.01 | 558 (49.5%) | 3345 (59.7%) | < 0.01 | 106 (51.2%) | 978 (53.6%) | 0.52 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.20 | ||||||
White | 899 (67.4%) | 5182 (69.8%) | 729 (64.7%) | 3750 (67.0%) | 170 (82.1%) | 1432 (78.5%) | |||
Black | 127 (9.5%) | 552 (7.4%) | 107 (9.5%) | 387 (6.9%) | 20 (9.7%) | 165 (9.0%) | |||
Others | 308 (23.1%) | 1691 (22.8%) | 291 (25.8%) | 1463 (26.1%) | 17 (8.2%) | 228 (12.5%) | |||
Weight (kilograms) | 81.40 (68.00–100.00) | 81.80 (68.20–98.80) | 0.70 | 81.00 (68.00–99.50) | 82.30 (69.00–98.30) | 0.23 | 83.30 (68.50–103.15) | 79.80 (66.00–99.80) | 0.22 |
Vital signs | |||||||||
Heart rate (beats/min) | 94.00 (80.00–110.00) | 89.00 (78.00–106.00) | < 0.01 | 93.00 (79.00–108.00) | 87.00 (77.00–102.00) | < 0.01 | 102.00 (84.50–118.50) | 99.00 (83.00–115.00) | 0.19 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119.00 (103.00–138.00) | 116.00 (101.00–134.00) | < 0.01 | 121.00 (105.00–139.00) | 119.00 (104.00–137.00) | 0.08 | 107.00 (91.50–132.50) | 106.00 (91.00–125.00) | 0.08 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 65.00 (55.00–78.00) | 63.00 (52.00–75.00) | < 0.01 | 66.00 (56.00–78.00) | 64.00 (54.00–76.00) | < 0.01 | 60.00 (50.00–79.50) | 58.00 (49.00–72.00) | 0.02 |
Laboratory-based data | |||||||||
White blood cell (109/L) | 12.35 (8.30–18.30) | 12.70 (8.80–17.80) | 0.12 | 11.80 (8.20–17.40) | 12.20 (8.60–16.70) | 0.18 | 16.50 (10.37–22.65) | 14.80 (9.80–21.10) | 0.17 |
Red blood cell (109/L) | 3.79 (3.21–4.35) | 3.68 (3.09–4.29) | < 0.01 | 3.77 (3.19–4.33) | 3.66 (3.06–4.27) | < 0.01 | 3.96 (3.33–4.46) | 3.73 (3.16–4.33) | 0.01 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.30 (9.60–13.00) | 11.00 (9.30–12.80) | < 0.01 | 11.20 (9.60–12.90) | 11.00 (9.20–12.80) | < 0.01 | 11.70 (9.70–13.20) | 11.10 (9.40–12.80) | 0.02 |
Platelets (109/L) | 202.50 (138.00–279.00) | 189.00 (132.00–261.00) | < 0.01 | 201.00 (139.00–276.00) | 188.00 (134.00–256.00) | < 0.01 | 210.00 (136.00–292.50) | 194.00 (124.00–274.00) | 0.07 |
Serum sodium (mmol/L) | 138.00 (135.00–142.00) | 139.00 (135.00–141.00) | 0.48 | 139.00 (135.00–142.00) | 139.00 (136.00–141.00) | 0.04 | 137.00 (134.50–141.00) | 137.00 (133.00–141.00) | 0.28 |
Serum chloride (mmol/L) | 103.00 (98.00–107.00) | 105.00 (100.00–109.00) | < 0.01 | 103.00 (98.00–107.00) | 105.00 (100.00–109.00) | < 0.01 | 103.00 (98.00–108.00) | 104.00 (98.00–109.00) | 0.49 |
Serum potassium (mmol/L) | 4.30 (3.80–4.90) | 4.20 (3.80–4.70) | < 0.01 | 4.30 (3.80–4.90) | 4.20 (3.80–4.70) | < 0.01 | 4.30 (3.80–4.95) | 4.30 (3.80–5.00) | 0.67 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||||
Hypertension | 466 (34.9%) | 2768 (37.3%) | 0.10 | 445 (39.5%) | 2537 (45.3%) | < 0.01 | 21 (10.1%) | 231 (12.7%) | 0.30 |
Congestive heart failure | 436 (32.7%) | 2122 (28.6%) | < 0.01 | 413 (36.7%) | 1898 (33.9%) | 0.08 | 23 (11.1%) | 224 (12.3%) | 0.63 |
Myocardial infarction | 230 (17.2%) | 1250 (16.8%) | 0.72 | 223 (19.8%) | 1134 (20.3%) | 0.72 | 7 (3.4%) | 116 (6.4%) | 0.09 |
Diabetes mellitus | 371 (27.8%) | 2134 (28.7%) | 0.49 | 343 (30.4%) | 1807 (32.3%) | 0.23 | 28 (13.5%) | 327 (17.9%) | 0.12 |
Chronic kidney disease | 336 (25.2%) | 1684 (22.7%) | 0.05 | 310 (27.5%) | 1367 (24.4%) | 0.03 | 26 (12.6%) | 317 (17.4%) | 0.08 |
Severity of illness | |||||||||
SOFA score | 7.00 (4.00–10.00) | 7.00 (4.00–9.00) | < 0.01 | 7.00 (4.00–10.00) | 6.00 (4.00–9.00) | < 0.01 | 9.00 (7.00–11.00) | 8.00 (6.00–10.00) | < 0.01 |
GCS score | 15.00 (15.00–15.00) | 15.00 (14.00–15.00) | 0.04 | 15.00 (15.00–15.00) | 15.00 (15.00–15.00) | 0.37 | 14.00 (10.00–15.00) | 15.00 (11.00–15.00) | 0.09 |
Treatment information | |||||||||
Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 837 (62.7%) | 4256 (57.3%) | < 0.01 | 713 (63.3%) | 3352 (59.9%) | 0.03 | 124 (59.9%) | 904 (49.5%) | < 0.01 |
Renal replacement therapy, n (%) | 171 (12.8%) | 582 (7.8%) | < 0.01 | 144 (12.8%) | 415 (7.4%) | < 0.01 | 27 (13.0%) | 167 (9.2%) | 0.07 |
Vasopressor, n (%) | 739 (55.4%) | 4258 (57.4%) | 0.19 | 628 (55.7%) | 3345 (59.7%) | 0.01 | 111 (53.6%) | 913 (50.0%) | 0.33 |
