Fig. 2
From: Corticothalamic feedback locally modulates network state
Spindle induction by corticothalamic activation (a) Example of a VP thalamic spindle evoked by a brief (5 ms) pulse to CT terminals under urethane anesthesia (smoothed thalamic multiunit activity). (b) Same stimulus across several trials. Spindle induction is most pronounced during spindling (light sleep-like) periods. blue triangles: desynchronized state, red triangles: light sleep-like state (c) Sigma power changes after CT stimulation (0.5–2 s) across brain states. Top: Thalamic stimulation and recording under urethane, spindle induction is most effective during synchronized anesthesia stages. Middle: Similar arrangement under unanesthetized conditions, stimulation of CT axon terminals in the thalamus evokes spindling during light and deep sleep. Bottom: somatic stimulation of CT cells is largely ineffective in inducing spindles (both stimulation and recording sites were in S1 cortex). Thalamic and cortical sites were not precisely aligned. Boxes denote mean and standard deviation. Significance denoted across all figures: *—p < 0.05, **—p < 0.01, ***- p < 0.001.
