Table 1 KGK VI graves from the Gumelnița site, with the indication of sex, age, pathology, grave goods, radiocarbon and stable isotopic data. “M” indicates the grave, and “I” is the individual. *Next to the grave number denotes the main individual of the grave. *Next to the sex indicates that proteomic analysis of amelogenin in tooth enamel was performed.
Year | Grave/Feature | Body Position | Grave goods/Offerings | Sex | Age | Pathology | Lab code | BP | Cal.BC 2σ | FRE | δ13C (‰) | δ15N (‰) | C: N | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1960 | M1-I1 | Ceramic (fragments), cereal grains, ash, animal bones (Bos taurus, Silurus glanis and Emys orbicularis) and a human vertebra (M1-1960-I2) | F* | Child | Cribra orbitalia (both orbits, bilateral pitting), cribra cranii (bilaterally, parietal, located superior to lambdoid suture) | Poz-52,502 | 5495 ± 35 | 4444 − 4416 BC (11.1%) 4404 − 4319 BC (66.2%) 4295 − 4256 BC (18.1%) | −20.6 | 9.6 | 3:2 | Dumitrescu 1966; Lazăr et al. 2020; Popescu et al. 2023; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | ||
1960 | M1-I2 | Adult | −20.5 | 11.5 | 3:3 | García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | ||||||||
1961 | M1 | Right Crouched | A small copper axe and a chisel made of the same material | Adult | Lazăr 2001, 2021 | |||||||||
1962 | M1 | Left Crouched | - | M* | Mature Adult | Osteophyte formation in two thoracic bodies; osteophyte formation in distal epiphysis of the left fibula | Beta-430,670 | 5160 ± 30 | 4045 − 3943 BC (88.9%) 3875 − 3816 (6.6%) | −20.8 | 9.5 | 3:3 | Lazăr 2001, 2021; García-Vázquez et al. 2023; Mattila et al. 2023 | |
1962 | M2 | Left Crouched | - | M | Mature Adult | Humerus varus deformity (unilateral, right) | −20.6 | 11.5 | 3.2 | Lazăr 2001, 2021; García-Vázquez et al. 2023; Culea, Boroneant 2023 | ||||
1962 | M3 | Dorsal Extended | Ceramic (fragments), animal bones | M* | Mature Adult | Cribra orbitalia; fracture located in the proximal third of the right humerus (oblique fracture, healed, without signs of infection); trauma located in the left parietal (healed); eburnation; markedly accentuated longitudinal striations and discrete paths of reactive bone, on both tibias | Poz-52,503 | 5625 ± 35 | 4536 − 4362 BC (95.4%) | 117 ± 87 | −20.3 | 10.5 | 3.2 | Lazăr 2001; Lazăr et al. 2020; Popescu et al. 2023; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 |
2017 | M1-I1* | Left Crouched | F | Mature Adult | RoAMS-655.4 | 5527 ± 43 | 4454 − 4326 BC (92.1%) 4286 − 4266 BC (3.3%) | 118 ± 88 | −20.2 | 9.5 | 3.2 | Lazăr et al. 2017; Popescu et al. 2023; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | ||
2017 | M1-I2 | Adolescent | −20.5 | 9.4 | 3.2 | Vasile 2019; Lazăr et al. 2027; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | ||||||||
2018 | M2-I1* | Left Crouched | Child | Periostitis (femoral and tibial diaphysis) | RoAMS-1321.110 | 5437 ± 37 | 4352 − 4238 BC (93.8%) 4186 − 4176 BC (1.6%) | −19.7 | 10.1 | 3.2 | Lazăr et al. 2020; Popescu et al. 2023; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | |||
2018 | M2-I2 | Mature Adult | RoAMS-1322.110 | 5455 ± 36 | 4358 − 4244 BC (95.4%) | Lazăr et al. 2020; Popescu et al. 2023 | ||||||||
2018 | M2-I3 | Mature Adult | Vasile 2019; Lazăr et al. 2020 | |||||||||||
2018 | M3-I1* | Left Crouched | F | Young Adult | Antemortem tooth loss (M1 right) | −20.6 | 10.4 | 3:4 | Vasile 2019; Lazăr et al. 2020; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | |||||
2018 | M3-I2 | Child | Periostitis | RoAMS-1325.110 | 5456 ± 38 | 4362 − 4240 BC (95.4%) | −19.8 | 10.3 | 3.2 | Lazăr et al. 2020; Popescu et al. 2023; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | ||||
2018 | M4 | Left Crouched | F | Young Adult | Paget disease (osteitis deformans) | RoAMS-1326.110 | 5429 ± 39 | 4354 − 4230 BC (90.9%) 4194 − 4168 BC (4.6%) | 122 ± 90 | −20.3 | 9.5 | 3:1 | Lazăr et al. 2020; Popescu et al. 2023; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | |
2018 | M5 | Left Crouched | F | Mature Adult | Periostitis (femoral and tibial diaphysis) | RoAMS-1327.110 | 5545 ± 37 | 4452 − 4337 BC (95.4%) | 118 ± 88 | −20.4 | 9.6 | 3:1 | Lazăr et al. 2020; Popescu et al. 2023; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | |
2018 | M6 | Left Crouched | M | Old Adult | Periostitis, antemortem tooth loss (inferior molars) | RoAMS-1328.110 | 5485 ± 38 | 4444 − 4418 BC (7.5%) 4402 − 4312 BC (59.1%) 4302 − 4251 BC (28.8%) | 137 ± 96 | −20.0 | 10.0 | 3:0 | Lazăr et al. 2020; Popescu et al. 2023; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | |
2018 | M7 | Left Crouched | M | Young Adult | −20.3 | 10.1 | 3:3 | Vasile 2019; Lazăr et al. 2020; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | ||||||
2018 | M8 | Left Crouched | Pot, flint, Spondylus sp. beads, pigments | M | Young Adult | RoAMS-1330.110 | 5497 ± 38 | 4446 − 4318 BC (77.9%) 4295 − 4256 BC (17.6%) | 151 ± 100 | −20.1 | 10.6 | 3:1 | Lazăr et al. 2020; Popescu et al. 2023; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | |
2018 | M9 | Right Crouched | Flint, ceramic (fragments) | F | Mature Adult | Periostitis (tibial diaphysis) | −20.2 | 10.0 | 3:2 | Vasile 2019; Lazăr et al. 2020; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | ||||
2018 | M10 | Left Crouched | F | Mature Adult | Dental caries (M1–M3 left); antemortem tooth loss (M1–M3 right); osteoarthritis | RoAMS-1332.110 | 5646 ± 36 | 4548 − 4362 BC (95.4%) | 154 ± 100 | −20.2 | 10.5 | 3:1 | Lazăr et al. 2020; Popescu et al. 2023; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | |
2019 | M11 | Left Crouched | Pot, pigments | M | Old Adult | Antemortem tooth loss; cranial traumas; osteoarthritis | −20.4 | 10.2 | 3:1 | Vasile 2019; Lazăr et al. 2020; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | ||||
2019 | M12 | Right Crouched | Antalis sp. beads, Red ochre | F | Mature Adult | Dental caries | −19.8 | 10.1 | 3:2 | Vasile 2019; Lazăr et al. 2020; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | ||||
2019 | M13 | Left Crouched | Anthropomorphic figurine, Antalis sp. beads | Child | Periostitis | −19.5 | 12.4 | 3:0 | Vasile 2019; Lazăr et al. 2020; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | |||||
2019 | M14 | Left Crouched | Spondylus sp. beads, flint | F | Young Adult | −19.9 | 9.6 | 3:2 | Vasile 2019; Lazăr et al. 2020; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | |||||
2019 | C12-I1 | Ceramic fragments, charcoal, animal bones (Bos taurus, Ovis aries, Capra hircus, Sus domesticus, Canis familiaris) | M | Adult | Dental calculus | −20.5 | 10.9 | 3:2 | Vasile 2019; Lazăr et al. 2020; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | |||||
2019 | C12-I2 | Child | −19.3 | 14.3 | 3:2 | Vasile 2019; Lazăr et al. 2020; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | ||||||||
2019 | C12-I3 | M* | Mature Adult | −20.0 | 9.6 | 3:2 | Vasile 2019; Lazăr et al. 2020; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | |||||||
2019 | C12-I4 | Mature Adult | −19.6 | 10.9 | 3:3 | Vasile 2019; Lazăr et al. 2020; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | ||||||||
2019 | C12-I5 | Adolescent | −20.4 | 8.9 | 3:2 | Vasile 2019; Lazăr et al. 2020; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | ||||||||
2019 | C12-I6 | Adolescent | Periostitis (femur diaphysis) | −20.9 | 9.0 | 3:4 | Vasile 2019; Lazăr et al. 2020; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | |||||||
2021 | M15 | Left Crouched | F | Young Adult | Dental calculus | RoAMS-5111.1 | 5490 ± 36 | 4444 − 4418 BC (8.9%) 4402 − 4317 BC (63.2%) 4297 − 4254 BC (23.3%) | 148 ± 100 | −20.0 | 10.5 | 3:3 | Lazăr et al. 2021; Popescu et al. 2023; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | |
2021 | M16 | Left Crouched | F | Old Adult | Antemortem tooth loose (P2 bilateral, inferior molars) | RoAMS-5112.1 | 5364 ± 34 | 4330 − 4280 BC (21.5%) 4274 − 4216 BC (25.4%) 4206 − 4158 BC (22.2%) 4136 − 4054 BC (26.3%) | 112 ± 88 | −20.3 | 9.0 | 3:2 | Lazăr et al. 2021; Popescu et al. 2023; García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | |
2022 | M17 | Left Crouched | F | Young Adult | −21.0 | 9.7 | 3:2 | García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | ||||||
2022 | M18 | Left Crouched | F | Young Adult | −20.5 | 9.6 | 3:2 | García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | ||||||
2022 | M21 | Left Crouched | M* | Young Adult | −20.4 | 10.6 | 3:2 | García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | ||||||
2022 | M22 | Left Crouched | Flint, red pigment | M | Young Adult | −20.2 | 10.1 | 3:2 | García-Vázquez et al. 2023 | |||||
2022 | M23 | Left Crouched | F* | Young Adult | This study | |||||||||
2022 | C21-A | F* | Adult | This study |
