Fig. 6
From: Efficient curve fitting with penalized B-splines for oceanographic and ecological applications

The integrated fitted lines of all data points, optimized using the AIC(left) and the BIC(right). The data is GPS tracking data from Movebank’s “1000 Cranes - Mongolia” dataset. This study uses migration data from August 9, 2018, covering a one-year period. Maps were generated using RStudio (version 2024.12.0+467), R (version 4.4.1), and the rworldmap package (version 1.3.8) with the getMap function.