Fig. 1

The study design. A two-step Mendelian randomization study of gut microbiota on CKD, eGFR, and UACR mediated by immune cell and cytokine. CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR: urinary albumin to creatinine. MR, Mendelian randomization; MVMR, multivariable Mendelian randomization; UVMR, univariable Mendelian randomization.