Fig. 1

Charging Start SOC and Time| a, Distribution of SOC at charging start. Over 60% of events begin when the SOC is between 20% and 60%, with 25% occurring between 30% and 45%. Only 2% of events start below 5% or above 90%. b, Average starting SOC by driving range: Most ranges show an average SOC around 40%, except for vehicles with a 170 km range, which start charging at 82% SOC. c, Average starting SOC by battery type: LFP batteries initiate charging at an average SOC of 57%, while NCM batteries start at 41%. d, Average starting SOC by battery capacity: Vehicles with under 20 kWh batteries start at 28%, while those with over 90 kWh batteries start at 60%.