Fig. 3d

Charging Speed | a, Charging speed distribution.Two prominent peaks in charging speeds are observed—one at 2 kWh/h (15% of events) and another at 20–25 kWh/h (20% of events), indicating a mix of slower overnight charging and faster daytime charging.b, Charging speed by driving range: The average charging speed for most vehicles (200–600 km range) remains consistent at 15–17 kWh/h, regardless of the vehicle’s driving range, suggesting similar charging infrastructure needs for these vehicles.c, Charging speed by battery type: LFP batteries charge at an average speed of 20 kWh/h, faster than NCM batteries, which charge at 15 kWh/h. This difference is linked to the superior thermal stability and charge efficiency of LFP batteries.d, Charging speed by battery capacity: Charging speeds for most 20–70 kWh batteries are consistent at 15–17 kWh/h, indicating that factors other than battery capacity, such as battery chemistry and charger characteristics, influence charging speed. .