Fig. 2

ROS Generation and Binding Ability of DLC to Bacteria. The generation of ROS and the binding ability of DLC to bacteria were assessed using 9,10-Anthracenediyl-bis(methylene)dicarboxylic acid (ABDA). Time-dependent absorbance spectra of the reaction were recorded for: (A) PBS, (B) Ce6 and (C) DLC under 660 nm light irradiation (at a Ce6 concentration of 5 \(\mu\)g/mL, 40 mW/\(\mathrm cm^2\)). (D) \(^{1}{\textrm{O}}_{2}\) generation curves for each group. (E) Relative fluorescence intensity of SOSG reactions with different concentrations of Ce6 and DLC under 660 nm light irradiation (40 mW/\(\mathrm cm^2\), 5 min). (F) Internalization and tight binding of free Ce6 and DLC by Enterococcus faecalis; (G) Quantitative fluorescence intensity of Ce6 in Enterococcus faecalis. (H) Fluorescence signals of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in different treatment groups as measured by the DCFH-DA probe. (I) Quantitative fluorescence intensity of intracellular ROS in different groups. Quantitative values were obtained from flow cytometry data of three independent experiments (data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, ns: not significant, \(***\ p\) < 0.001).