Fig. 3

In vitro Antibacterial Activity of DLC. (A) Representative images of Enterococcus faecalis colonies formed on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar plates after treatment with different concentrations of Ce6 and DLC, followed by 660 nm light irradiation (40 mW/\(\mathrm cm^2\), 5 minutes). (B) Representative images of E. faecalis colonies on agar plates after treatment with various groups. (C) Bacterial viability. (D) Live/dead fluorescence images. (E) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Red arrows indicate damaged bacterial cell membranes. (F) Total protein released by E. faecalis after different treatments. (G) Intracellular fluorescence signals of E. faecalis treated with different groups, as measured by the DIBAC4(3) probe. (H) Quantitative fluorescence intensity. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, n = 3. ns: not significant, \(***\ p\) < 0.001.