Figure 4

Twitch stimulation was performed using train of pulses with frequency of 1 Hz. The arbitrary waveform generation of the proposed device was used to verify the capability to induce twitch with different kind of stimulation waveforms. The pulse width programmability was investigated using biphasic symmetric waveforms, verifying the capability to modify the muscle tissue contraction (A). Tetanic stimulation was performed using a train of pulses with a frequency of 50 Hz. The arbitrary waveform generation of the proposed device was used to verify the capability to induce tetanic contraction with different kinds of stimulation waveforms (B). Modulation of biohybrid actuators contractions through amplitude modulation. A staircase modulation of 6 steps of same size from a minimum current of 3 mA to a maximum current of 18 mA. The box chart reports the average and standard variation of three independent experiments with three different biohybrid actuators (C).