Table 1 Emergy analysis of rice production systems in Iranshahr.

Renewable environmental inputs

 Solar energy

J

1.94E+13

1.00

Definition

1.94E+13

4.12E+15

0.05

 Wind kinetic energy

J

6.72E+09

1.25E+03

Campbell and Erban (2016)

8.40E+12

1.79E+15

0.02

 Rain chemical energy

J

9.10E+08

2.25E+04

Campbell et al. (2005)

2.05E+13

4.36E+15

0.06

 Rain geopotential energy

J

4.48E+05

1.34E+04

Campbell et al. (2005)

6.00E+09

1.28E+12

0.00

 River water

J

8.46E+10

3.61E+04

Campbell et al. (2005)

3.05E+15

6.48E+17

8.64

 Subtotal

3.05E+15

6.48E+17

8.64

Non-renewable environmental inputs

 Soil erosion

g

1.50E+07

1.27E+09

Brown and Bardi (2001)

1.91E+16

4.06E+18

53.86

 Subtotal

1.91E+16

4.06E+18

53.86

Economic inputs

 Human labor

J

8.44E+08

2.22E+06

Lu et al. (2009)

1.87E+15

3.97E+17

5.30

 Machinery

g

6.76E+04

1.01E+10

Campbell et al. (2005)

6.83E+14

1.45E+17

1.93

 Fuel

g

1.78E+05

8.60E+04

Bastianoni et al. (2009)

1.53E+10

3.25E+12

0.00

 Nitrogen fertilizer

g

1.00E+05

3.09E+10

Brandt-Williams (2002)

3.09E+15

6.57E+17

8.74

 Phosphorus fertilizer

g

6.00E+04

6.55E+09

Bastianoni et al. (2011)

3.93E+14

8.35E+16

1.11

 Potassium fertilizer

g

4.00E+04

1.85E+09

Bastianoni et al. (2011)

7.40E+13

1.57E+16

0.21

 Manure

g

1.00E+07

2.96E+08

Odum (1996)

2.96E+15

6.29E+17

8.37

 Pesticide

g

5.00E+02

1.13E+10

Jana and Chattopadhay (2005)

5.65E+12

1.20E+15

0.02

 Herbicide

g

5.00E+02

1.13E+10

Jana and Chattopadhay (2005)

5.65E+12

1.20E+15

0.02

 Fungicide

g

5.00E+02

4.44E+03

Bastianoni et al. (2011)

2.22E+06

4.72E+08

0.00

 Seedling

No.

6.20E+05

6.74E+09

-

4.18E+15

8.88E+17

11.82

 Subtotal

1.33E+16

2.83E+18

37.50

 Total

3.54E+16

7.52E+18

100.00

Output

 Grain yield

g

2.10E+06

 Grain yield

J

3.17E+10

 Straw yield

g

9.00E+05

 Straw yield

J

1.12E+10