Table 2 Emergy analysis of rice production systems in Saravan.

From: Ecological security assessment of rice production systems in arid regions: a multi-criteria assessment of Iranshahr and Saravan, Iran

Input

Unit

Amount

Transformity

Source

Emergy/ha

Emergy/region

Percent

Renewable environmental inputs

 Solar energy

J

1.96E+13

1.00

Definition

1.96E+13

1.15E+15

0.05

 Wind kinetic energy

J

7.51E+09

1.25E+03

Campbell and Erban (2016)

9.39E+12

5.35E+14

0.03

 Rain chemical energy

J

1.07E+09

2.25E+04

Campbell et al. (2005)

2.40E+13

1.37E+15

0.07

 Rain geopotential energy

J

2.55E+05

1.34E+04

Campbell et al. (2005)

3.42E+19

1.95E+11

0.00

 River water

J

8.93E+10

3.61E+04

Campbell et al. (2005)

3.22E+15

1.84E+17

9.03

 Subtotal

    

3.22E+15

1.84E+17

9.03

Non-renewable environmental inputs

 Soil erosion

g

1.50E+07

1.27E+09

Brown and Bardi (2001)

1.91E+16

1.09E+18

53.36

 Subtotal

    

3.18E+16

1.09E+18

53.36

Economic inputs

 Human labor

J

8.93E+08

2.22E+06

Lu et al. (2009)

1.98E+15

1.13E+17

5.55

 Machinery

g

6.86E+04

1.01E+10

Campbell et al. (2005)

6.93E+14

3.95E+16

1.94

 Fuel

g

1.78E+05

8.60E+04

Bastianoni et al. (2009)

1.53E+10

8.73E+11

0.00

 Nitrogen fertilizer

g

1.00E+05

3.09E+10

Brandt-Williams (2002)

3.09E+15

1.76E+17

8.66

 Phosphorus fertilizer

g

6.00E+04

6.55E+09

Bastianoni et al. (2011)

3.93E+14

2.24E+16

1.10

 Potassium fertilizer

g

5.00E+04

1.85E+09

Bastianoni et al. (2011)

9.25E+13

5.27E+15

0.26

 Manure

g

1.00E+07

2.96E+08

Odum (1996)

2.96E+15

1.69E+17

8.29

 Pesticide

g

5.00E+02

1.13E+10

Jana and Chattopadhay (2005)

5.65E+12

3.22E+14

0.02

 Herbicide

g

5.00E+02

1.13E+10

Jana and Chattopadhay (2005)

5.65E+12

3.22E+14

0.02

 Fungicide

g

5.00E+02

4.44E+03

Bastianoni et al. (2011)

2.00E+16

1.27E+18

0.00

 Seedling

number

5.80E+05

7.52E+09

-

4.21E+15

2.40E+17

11.78

 Subtotal

    

1.34E+16

7.65E+17

37.61

 Total

    

3.57E+16

2.03E+18

100.00

Output

 Grain yield

g

2.50E+06

     

 Grain yield

J

3.77E+10

     

 Straw yield

g

1.10E+06

     

 Straw yield

J

1.37E+10