Table 3 Comprehensive overview of ecological security assessment Indicators.

Emergy Ecological Deficit/Surplus (EED/EES)

EED/EES = EBC - EFP

EBC: Emergy Biocapacity\EFP: Emergy Footprint

Measures the balance between ecological supply and human demand

Positive value: ecological surplus\Negative value: ecological deficit

Liu et al.⁶

Ecological Pressure Index (EPI)

EPI = EFP/(EBC + EFP)

EFP: Emergy Footprint\EBC: Emergy Biocapacity

Evaluates the extent of ecological resource utilization

0-0.5: Sustainable use\n0.5-1: Overuse of resources\n0.5: Perfect balance

Peng et al.²⁶

Ecological Footprint Intensity (EFI)

EFI = EFP/EBC

EFP: Emergy Footprint\EBC: Emergy Biocapacity

Quantifies pressure on local ecosystems

< 1: Sustainable\n > 1: Unsustainable\n = 1: Perfect balance

Peng et al.²⁶

Ecological-Economic Coordination Index (EECI)

EECI = (EFI + 1)/√(EFI² + 1)

EFI: Ecological Footprint Intensity

Assesses balance between economic growth and environmental sustainability

1: Poor coordination\n1.414: Perfect coordination

Yao et al.⁵³

Ecosystem Resilience Index (ERI)

ERI = (R × BC)/(N × EFP)

R: Renewable resource emergy\BC: Buffer Capacity\N: Non-renewable resource emergy\EFP: Emergy Footprint

Measures system’s ability to maintain core functions under stress

Higher values indicate greater resilience

This study

Water Resource Sustainability Index (WRSI)

WRSI = (WR - WC)/(WTH × WA)

WR: Water Resource availability\WC: Water Consumption\WTH: Water stress Threshold\WA: Water Accessibility

Evaluates water resource management sustainability

> 1: Sustainable water use\n < 1: Unsustainable water use

This study

Soil Quality Degradation Index (SQDI)

SQDI = (∑(Si × Wi))/St

Si: Soil quality parameters\Wi: Weighting factors\nSt: Threshold value

Assesses soil health and degradation

Lower values indicate better soil quality

This study

Agricultural System Stability Index (ASSI)

ASSI = (Y × ES)/(EFP × CV)

Y: Yield stability\ES: Ecosystem services\EFP: Emergy Footprint\CV: Coefficient of variation

Measures long-term stability of agricultural production

Higher values indicate greater stability

This study

Socio-Ecological Coupling Index (SECI)

SECI = √((SEC × EBC)/(EFP × LP))

SEC: Socio-economic Capacity\EBC: Emergy Biocapacity\EFP: Emergy Footprint\LP: Local Population pressure

Evaluates interaction between social and ecological systems

Higher values indicate better coupling

This study