Fig. 1

(a) Geographical context of Kongsfjorden (red square), located on West Spitsbergen in Svalbard. The West Spitsbergen Current is shown in red and the Spitsbergen Polar Current in blue. This panel was produced with the PlotSvalbard R package¹⁷ (https://github.com/MikkoVihtakari/PlotSvalbard?tab=GPL-2.0-1-ov-file). (b) Location of sampling sites from the inner Kongsfjorden, across the shelf and into the Fram Strait. All stations with black crosses (except the Ferry Box of the AWIPEV underwater observatory, located in front of Ny-Ålesund) are part of the MOSJ and AMUST datasets. Stations with magenta crosses are part of the Torres-Valdes et al. dataset¹⁸ (refer to Table S1). The bathymetry represented by the contour lines combines the K160_bgc model bathymetry and the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean downloaded from https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gridded_bathymetry_data/arctic_ocean/at 200 m resolution; (c) General view of Kongsfjorden and the terrestrial and glacial surroundings. Also included are the locations of MOSJ sampling sites, Ny-Ålesund and the Ferry Box in Kongsfjorden (magenta crosses, with the same cross used to show the location of Ny-Ålesund and the Ferry Box), and the location of the tidewater glacier fronts (magenta dots), using data from the Norwegian Polar Institute¹⁹ over an aerial image from Copernicus Sentinel Data. The white line at the mouth of Kongsfjorden delimits the fjord area, which is the focus of this study to calculate nutrient budgets. Panels (b, c) were produced/modified using Matlab R2024b.