Table 1 Investigated essential oils, plant origin, and their reported biological activities.

Peppermint oil

Lamiaceae

Antiviral and broad-spectrum antibiotic

HSV-1 and HSV-2

0.916 g/mL

^38,39,40

Eucalyptus oil

Myrtaceae

Antiviral and antimicrobial

IAV (A/H1N1 ATCC VR-R 1520) and MV

0.923 g/mL

^41,42

Clove oil

Myrtaceae

antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral

HSV-1 and HSV-2

1.06 g/mL

^{38,39,40,43,44,45}

Thymol

Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, and Orobanchaceae

Antiseptic, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic and antiviral

HSV-1 and SARS CoV-2 and IAV

(H1N1; A1/Denver/1/57)

0.965 g/mL

^46,47,48,49

Camphor

Lauraceae

Antipruritic, antiseptic, antibacterial and antiviral (Camphor derivatives)

IAV

and VV

0.99 g/mL

^50,51

Limonin

Rutaceae

Antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-cancer, antioxidant, analgesic, nerve protection, liver protection, and blood lipid regulation

NDV, HSV-1, HSV-2 HIV-1, and SARS CoV-2

1.39 g/mL

^{52,53,54,55,56,57,58}