Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants were described based on depressive symptoms.

From: Association between outdoor and indoor air pollutant exposure and depression among middle-aged and older adults in China

Characteristics

Total

Depression

p-value

No (9269)

Yes (5273)

Age, mean ± SD, year

62.1 ± 10.2

62.0 ± 10.2

62.3 ± 10.3

0.088

Age group

0.113

 < 60 years

6050 (43.6)

3949 (44.1)

2101 (42.7)

 

 ≥ 60 years

7814 (56.4)

4999 (55.9)

2815 (57.3)

 

Gender, n (%)

0.573

 Male

6625 (47.8)

4260 (47.6)

2365 (48.1)

 

 Female

7239 (52.2)

4688 (52.4)

2551 (51.9)

 

Smoking status, n (%)

< 0.001**

 Non-smoker

8763 (97.0)

5294 (96.6)

3469 (97.8)

 

 Smoker

267 (3.0)

188 (3.4)

79 (2.2)

 

Drinking status, n (%)

< 0.001**

 Non-drinker

9589 (66.0)

5789 (62.5)

3800 (72.2)

 

 Drinker

4938 (34.0)

3473 (37.5)

1465 (27.8)

 

Chronic diseases, n (%)

< 0.001**

 No

10,462 (71.9)

6907 (74.5)

3555 (67.4)

 

 Yes

4080 (28.1)

2362 (25.5)

1718 (32.6)

 

Residence, n (%)

< 0.001**

 Rural

11,170 (77.1)

6779 (73.4)

4391 (83.5)

 

 Urban

3326 (22.9)

2456 (26.6)

870 (16.5)

 

Education level, n (%)

< 0.001**

 Illiterate

3247 (22.3)

1775 (19.1)

1472 (27.9)

 

 Primary

school or

below

6384 (43.9)

3890 (42.0)

2494 (47.3)

 

 Middle school

3167 (21.8)

2251 (24.3)

916 (17.4)

 

 High school

or above

1744 (12.0)

1353 (14.6)

391 (7.4)

 

Marital status, n (%)

< 0.001**

 Married/

cohabitating

12,550 (86.3)

8141 (87.8)

4409 (83.6)

 

 Divorced/

separated/

widowed/

never married

1992 (13.7)

1128 (12.2)

864 (16.4)

 

Race, n (%)

0.166

 Han

13,383 (92.0)

8552 (92.3)

4831 (91.6)

 

 Others

1159 (8.0)

717 (7.7)

442 (8.4)

 

Annual household income, n (%)

< 0.001**

 Low

8696 (59.9)

5427 (58.7)

3269 (62.2)

 

 Middle

5073 (35.0)

3281 (35.5)

1792 (34.1)

 

 High

739 (5.1.0)

541 (5.8)

198 (3.8)

 

Heating, n (%)

< 0.001**

 Clean fuels

1039 (58.7)

796 (63.1)

243 (47.6)

 

 Solid fuels

732 (41.3)

465 (36.9)

267 (52.4)

 

Cooking, n (%)

< 0.001**

 Clean fuels

9570 (67.1)

6507 (71.6)

3063 (59.3)

 

 Solid fuels

4687 (32.9)

2581 (28.4)

2106 (40.7)

 
  1. Notes: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001. Significant values are in bold. The total number of respondents for each pair of variables may vary slightly due to missing data.
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