Table 2 Changes in self-reported past-month study park use among adult residents living in intervention versus control park neighborhoods.

From: Park use patterns and park satisfaction before and after citywide park renovations in low-income New York City neighborhoods

Past-month study park use

Intervention park neighborhoods

Control park neighborhoods

Difference-in-differences

Pre-renovationa (n = 545)

Post-renovationa (n = 201)

Change (95% CI)b

Pre-renovationa (n = 345)

Post-renovationa (n = 129)

Change (95% CI)b

Unadjusted DID estimator (95% CI)c

Adjusted DID Estimator (95% CI)c,d

p-value for adjusted DID estimatore

Days visited

9.7 (0.6)

11.5 (0.8)

1.7 (− 0.2, 3.7)

8.4 (0.7)

8.3 (0.9)

− 0.1 (− 2.4, 2.1)

1.9 (− 1.1, 4.9)

1.8 (− 1.2, 4.9)

0.240

Minutes spent at park on weekdays

62.7 (3.8)

80.8 (6.0)

18.1 (4.1, 32.0)

64.5 (5.9)

51.7 (4.6)

− 12.8 (− 27.6, 1.9)

30.9 (10.6, 51.2)

30.0 (10.3, 49.7)

0.006

Minutes spent at park on weekend days

62.6 (3.5)

75.5 (5.5)

12.9 (0.1, 25.7)

59.3 (5.8)

53.9 (6.2)

− 5.4 (− 22.1, 11.3)

18.3 (− 2.8, 39.4)

16.7 (− 3.7, 37.1)

0.119

Total minutes spent at park

795.2 (79.9)

1164.9 (130.3)

369.6 (69.8, 669.5)

697.8 (90.3)

596.6 (102.2)

− 101.2 (− 368.6, 166.3)

470.8 (69.1, 872.6)

466.3 (63.0, 869.6)

0.040

Percent visiting park ≥ once per month

82.0 (1.6)

84.9 (2.6)

3.0 (− 3.0, 9.0)

79.1 (3.0)

68.3 (4.8)

− 10.8 (− 21.8, 0.3)

13.7 (1.1, 26.4)

13.0 (0.2, 25.8)

0.057

Percent visiting park ≥ 30 min on a weekday

59.5 (3.0)

65.2 (3.7)

5.7 (− 3.7, 15.2)

63.0 (4.8)

51.0 (4.6)

− 12.0 (− 25.0, 1.0)

17.7 (1.6, 33.8)

16.1 (1.0, 31.2)

0.051

Percent visiting park ≥ 30 min on a weekend day

57.1 (2.9)

62.6 (3.6)

5.5 (− 3.5, 14.5)

57.6 (4.9)

45.2 (4.8)

− 12.4 (− 25.8, 1.1)

17.9 (1.7, 34.1)

16.4 (0.9, 32.0)

0.051

  1. All estimates presented in table were pooled across GEE models fit to 25 imputed data sets. All GEE models included variables for time (pre-renovation vs. post-renovation), intervention group (renovated vs. control parks), and an interaction between time and intervention group (the DID estimator).
  2. BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, DID difference-in-differences, GEE generalized estimating equations, SE standard error.
  3. aUnadjusted mean (SE) or percent (SE).
  4. bUnadjusted within-group change (post–pre).
  5. cDifference in change in the given outcome measure in the intervention group minus the control group, as estimated by the interaction term between time * intervention group.
  6. dAdjusted for age group, BMI category, annual household income, public housing, marital status, and children in household.
  7. eCorrected using the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure to control the false discovery rate; significant (p < 0.05) and marginally significant (0.05 < p < 0.1) p-values are bolded.
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