Table 3 Park use DID estimates stratified by BMI category, race/ethnicity, annual household income, employment status, and children in household.

From: Park use patterns and park satisfaction before and after citywide park renovations in low-income New York City neighborhoods

 

Days visited

Minutes spent on weekdays

Minutes spent on weekends

Total minutes at park

Adjusted DID estimator (95% CI)a,b

p-valuec

Adjusted DID estimator (95% CI)a,b

p-valuec

Adjusted DID estimator (95% CI)a,b

p-valuec

Adjusted DID estimator (95% CI)a,b

p-valuec

BMI category

 Healthy (BMI < 25 kg/m2)

− 0.8 (− 5.5, 3.9)

0.733

38.2 (4.1, 72.3)

0.028

7.2 (− 34.0, 48.4)

0.731

118.5 (− 553.3, 790.2)

0.729

 Overweight (BMI 25–29 kg/m2)

6.2 (1.2, 11.2)

0.014

34.4 (− 0.8, 69.7)

0.055

7.5 (− 26.4, 41.4)

0.666

576.0 (− 73.6, 1225.7)

0.082

 Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)

0.4 (− 4.0, 4.8)

0.865

20.8 (− 8.6, 50.1)

0.165

28.0 (− 1.5, 57.4)

0.063

579.2 (− 46.2, 1204.7)

0.069

Race/ethnicity

 Latino/a

2.5 (− 1.5, 6.4)

0.224

37.5 (10.1, 65.0)

0.007

27.2 (− 3.4, 57.7)

0.081

694.4 (77.5, 1311.2)

0.027

 Non-Latino/a black

− 0.4 (− 5.3, 4.5)

0.879

28.8 (− 0.2, 57.9)

0.052

12.9 (− 13.8, 39.5)

0.344

377.7 (− 262.1, 1017.6)

0.247

 Other/multiracial

4.7 (− 0.9, 10.2)

0.100

8.5 (− 27.7, 44.8)

0.644

− 0.5 (− 43.2, 42.2)

0.981

53.0 (− 577.0, 682.9)

0.869

Annual household income

 $20,000 or more

1.1 (− 3.1, 5.2)

0.616

41.9 (16.9, 66.8)

0.001

33.3 (5.2, 61.5)

0.020

573.0 (69.3, 1076.7)

0.026

 Less than $20,000

2.0 (− 1.9, 5.9)

0.313

19.5 (− 6.2, 45.2)

0.137

1.3 (− 25.3, 27.8)

0.924

346.4 (− 219.9, 912.7)

0.230

Employment status

 Employed or self-employed

1.1 (− 2.9, 5.2)

0.580

15.1 (− 10.6, 40.8)

0.249

− 3.2 (− 30.7, 24.3)

0.817

80.6 (− 452.6, 613.7)

0.767

 Not employed

2.3 (− 2.0, 6.6)

0.301

41.6 (15.5, 67.6)

0.002

29.8 (3.5, 56.2)

0.026

791.7 (213.3, 1370.2)

0.007

Children in household

 No children

− 0.2 (− 6.5, 6.2)

0.963

5.7 (− 25.6, 36.9)

0.722

15.9 (− 16.4, 48.2)

0.333

371.0 (− 340.5, 1082.5)

0.306

 One or more children

2.4 (− 0.9, 5.6)

0.158

36.8 (13.6, 60.0)

0.002

16.5 (− 7.8, 40.8)

0.184

498.8 (41.3, 956.4)

0.033

  1. All estimates presented in table were pooled across GEE models fit to 25 imputed data sets. All GEE models included variables for time (pre-renovation vs. post-renovation), intervention group (renovated vs. control parks), and an interaction between time and intervention group (the DID estimator).
  2. BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, DID difference-in-differences, GEE generalized estimating equations.
  3. aDifference in change in the given outcome measure in the intervention group minus the control group, as estimated by the interaction term between time * intervention group.
  4. bAdjusted for age group, BMI category, annual household income, public housing, marital status, and children in household.
  5. cRaw (uncorrected) p-value; significant (p < 0.05) p-values are bolded.
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