Table 5 Park satisfaction DID estimates stratified by age category, BMI category, race/ethnicity, marital status, and children in household.

From: Park use patterns and park satisfaction before and after citywide park renovations in low-income New York City neighborhoods

 

Overall park quality

Park facilities

Playground

Walking/cycling tracks

Maintenance of grounds and facilities

Adjusted DID estimator (95% CI)a,b

p-valuec

Adjusted DID estimator (95% CI)a,b

p-valuec

Adjusted DID estimator (95% CI)a,b

p-valuec

Adjusted DID estimator (95% CI)a,b

p-valuec

Adjusted DID estimator (95% CI)a,b

p-valuec

Age category

 18–34 y

21.3 (0.5, 42.1)

0.044

33.0 (11.7, 54.3)

0.002

25.6 (2.7, 48.4)

0.029

14.4 (− 6.8, 35.6)

0.184

39.2 (17.4, 61.0)

 < 0.001

 35–49 y

59.5 (40.3, 78.7)

 < 0.001

36.9 (17.5, 56.3)

 < 0.001

48.0 (27.3, 68.7)

 < 0.001

30.7 (9.1, 52.3)

0.005

51.8 (32.5, 71.1)

 < 0.001

 50–78 y

30.6 (6.1, 55.2)

0.015

24.6 (0.8, 48.4)

0.043

22.3 (− 3.5, 48.1)

0.091

36.2 (8.6, 63.7)

0.010

25.1 (2.3, 47.8)

0.031

BMI category

 Healthy (BMI < 25 kg/m2)

59.9 (37.0, 82.7)

 < 0.001

39.5 (17.2, 61.7)

 0.001

46.3 (21.5, 71.2)

 < 0.001

51.9 (30.6, 73.2)

 < 0.001

64.6 (41.9, 87.3)

 < 0.001

 Overweight (BMI 25–29 kg/m2)

14.6 (− 9.7, 38.8)

0.239

16.7 (− 7.0, 40.5)

0.167

9.0 (− 15.9, 34.0)

0.477

6.7 (− 16.7, 30.0)

0.576

18.8 (− 7.0, 44.6)

0.154

 Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)

40.7 (18.4, 62.9)

 < 0.001

40.9 (21.4, 60.5)

 < 0.001

45.5 (25.3, 65.6)

 < 0.001

27.2 (6.3, 48.2)

0.011

41.2 (21.2, 61.1)

 < 0.001

Race/ethnicity

 Latino/a

33.9 (14.4, 53.4)

 0.001

31.7 (12.0, 51.4)

0.002

31.9 (11.4, 52.5)

0.002

14.3 (− 6.8, 35.4)

0.183

42.1 (23.7, 60.6)

 < 0.001

 Non-Latino/a black

47.2 (28.4, 66.1)

 < 0.001

32.7 (15.2, 50.2)

 < 0.001

46.3 (25.7, 66.9)

 < 0.001

39.2 (16.4, 62.0)

 0.001

43.2 (22.9, 63.4)

 < 0.001

 Other/multiracial

33.8 (3.0, 64.5)

0.031

40.0 (9.8, 70.2)

0.009

24.5 (− 7.2, 56.3)

0.130

34.1 (6.3, 61.9)

0.016

35.7 (1.4, 70.1)

0.042

Marital status

 Never married

33.0 (14.1, 51.9)

 0.001

26.5 (8.6, 44.4)

0.004

23.5 (2.6, 44.3)

0.028

21.8 (3.2, 40.3)

0.021

40.2 (21.3, 59.0)

 < 0.001

 Married

39.6 (13.9, 65.3)

0.003

39.2 (16.4, 62.1)

0.001

41.8 (17.8, 65.8)

0.001

20.9 (− 4.1, 45.9)

0.101

50.8 (26.6, 75.0)

 < 0.001

 Divorced, separated, or widowed

52.1 (28.4, 75.8)

 < 0.001

42.0 (17.6, 66.4)

0.001

58.3 (30.8, 85.8)

 < 0.001

51.4 (21.9, 81.0)

0.001

31.4 (4.3, 58.5)

0.023

Children in household

 No children

28.1 (4.1, 52.0)

0.022

3.7 (− 20.3, 27.8)

0.760

9.3 (− 18.1, 36.8)

0.504

21.5 (− 5.0, 48.0)

0.111

19.7 (− 5.5, 45.0)

0.126

 One or more children

41.5 (26.3, 56.6)

 < 0.001

41.8 (28.3, 55.2)

 < 0.001

41.9 (25.6, 58.2)

 < 0.001

28.9 (13.3, 44.6)

 < 0.001

48.0 (33.7, 62.2)

 < 0.001

  1. All estimates presented in table were pooled across GEE models fit to 25 imputed data sets. All GEE models included variables for time (pre-renovation vs. post-renovation), intervention group (renovated vs. control parks), and an interaction between time and intervention group (the DID estimator).
  2. BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, DID difference-in-differences, GEE generalized estimating equations.
  3. aDifference in change in the given outcome measure in the intervention group minus the control group, as estimated by the interaction term between time * intervention group.
  4. bAdjusted for age group, BMI category, annual household income, public housing, marital status, and children in household.
  5. cRaw (uncorrected) p-value; significant (p < 0.05) p-values are bolded.
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