Fig. 5

B. longum regulates the PPAR signaling pathway. (A) Heatmap of relative expression of PPAR signaling-related genes by co-cultivation of B. longum in Caco-2 and MHCO. Statistical significance was evaluated by a Deseq2 (*adjusted p-value < 0.05, ** adjusted p-value < 0.01, *** adjusted p-value < 0.001). (B) TPM values of representative PPAR receptor and its target genes. Filled and unfilled circles indicate two independent experiments (each three replicates). Data are presented as the mean ± Standard derivatives (SD). Statistical significance was evaluated using a Deseq2. (C) Enrichment plot of genes in Ppar Signaling Pathway (KEGG) for MHCO (left panel) and Caco-2 (right panel). Each vertical bar represents a gene, and genes enriched in upregulated and downregulated after coculturing with B. longum are at the left and right part of the graph, respectively. The normalized enrichment score (NES), the p-value, and the false discovery rate (Adjusted p-value) were indicated in the insert.