Fig. 1

Structural equation modeling results. Structural Equation Model illustrating the relationships among Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice variables. Each latent variable (Knowledge, Attitude, Practice) is represented by ellipses and observed indicators (K1-K8, A1-A6, P1-P8) by rectangles. Path coefficients indicate the strength of relationships between variables, with arrows representing the direction of influence. Measurement errors (e1-e23) are associated with each observed variable. This model evaluates the influence of Knowledge on Attitude and Practice, as well as the effect of Attitude on Practice.