Fig. 1

Punjab map showing collection sites and panoramic view of Solanum surattense sampled from different ecological regions. Different locations within these regions are marked with colored triangles representing abundance levels. The Cholistan Desert Margins are shown in blue, while the Cholistan Desert is depicted in orange. Map created using the ggspatial package in R-Studio in R program with geographical data sourced from ArcGIS Pro (Ver.10.8). Projection system: [UTM Zone 42 N]. Boundary and terrain information were adapted from available GIS datasets.