Table 3 Extraction efficiency of lichen metabolites from seven lichen species using VNADES (menthol/camphor, 1.5:1 molar ratio) and acetone as solvents under ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions (15 min, 40 °C, solvent-to-material ratio of 100:1).
Lichen species | Metabolites | Type of solvents | Significance | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VNADES | Acetone | |||||
H. physodes | Physodalic acid | 32.3 | ± 2.15 | 35.6 | ± 3.09 | ns |
3-Hydroxyphysodic acid | 35.0 | ± 6.26 | 46.3 | ± 1.88 | ** | |
Physodic acid | 30.0 | ± 1.35 | 35.9 | ± 1.63 | ** | |
Atranorin | 12.5 | ± 1.19 | 15.9 | ± 1.87 | ns | |
Chloroatranorin | 3.1 | ± 0.39 | 4.9 | ± 1.04 | * | |
E. prunastri | Evernic acid | 29.3 | ± 7.54 | 47.7 | ± 0.90 | * |
Atranorin | 11.9 | ± 6.55 | 25.0 | ± 5.08 | * | |
Chloroatranorin | 2.8 | ± 1.87 | 8.9 | ± 1.48 | * | |
C. uncialis | Usnic acid | 7.7 | ± 1.09 | 8.0 | ± 1.02 | ns |
X. parietina | Physcion | 4.0 | ± 2.27 | 2.7 | ± 0.34 | ns |
Atranorin | 1.0 | ± 0.34 | 0.2 | ± 0.08 | * | |
P. adscendens | Atranorin | 11.7 | ± 2.62 | 29.0 | ± 3.74 | ** |
P. furfuracea | Evernic acid | 2.4 | ± 0.26 | 1.3 | ± 0.09 | ** |
Atranorin | 35.6 | ± 4.06 | 56.8 | ± 10.06 | * | |
Chloroatranorin | 0.233 | ± 0.0257 | 0.283 | ± 0.0331 | ns | |
P. sulcata | Salazinic acid | 28.74 | ± 3.249 | 34.74 | ± 8.969 | ns |
Atranorin | 2.32 | ± 0.437 | 5.29 | ± 2.582 | ns | |
