Fig. 1
Comparison between the current frozen section procedure during tumor resection (A) and the proposed method using Raman spectroscopy (B). (A) The biopsies are snap frozen in nitrogen, sectioned, and stained. A pathologist examines the samples to determine if tumor cells are present. If tumor cells are detected, additional tissue is resected. The processing time for this method takes up to 30 min per probe while patient remains under anesthesia. (B) In the proposed future method using real-time Raman spectroscopy (Raman invaScope), no biopsies would be taken. Instead, measurements would be performed directly on areas suspected to contain tumor tissue. The spectra would be analyzed in real-time to detect the presence of tumor cells. If tumor spectra are identified, additional tissue would be resected. The processing time for this method would take up to 5 min while the patient remains under anesthesia. Created in BioRender. Ziller, N. (2025) https://BioRender.com/0blcdsw.
