Table 2 The research hypotheses regarding the moderators.

Gender

H1a

The effect of PE on BI to use VR is stronger for males than for females.

H2a

Gender moderates the effect of EE on BI, with distinct variations observed between males and females.

H3a

SI on BI is differentially moderated by gender, suggesting unique social dynamics for each gender.

H4a

Gender differences significantly moderate the impact of FC on BI.

Age

H1b

Age moderates the impact of PE on BI, with the relationship demonstrating variation across different age cohorts.

H2b

The influence of EE on BI is moderated by age, indicating varying levels of technology ease of use perception across age groups.

H3b

The effect of SI on BI varies by age, reflecting differing social influences across age demographics.

H4b

Age groups show differential moderation effects on the relationship between FC and BI, indicating varied enabling environments.

VR experience

H1c

Prior VR experience moderates the relationship between PE and BI, with expectations of performance influencing usage intention based on VR familiarity.

H2c

The relationship between EE and BI is contingent on users’ prior VR experience, suggesting that experience shapes effort expectancy.

H3c

Users’ prior VR experience affects the degree to which SI influences BI, indicating an experiential impact on social pressures.

H4c

The impact of FC on BI is moderated by prior VR experience, with varying degrees of support and resources influencing usage intention.

Iron knowledge level

H1d

The level of knowledge about iron painting moderates the PE-BI relationship, with a greater familiarity enhancing the importance of performance outcomes.

H2d

Iron painting knowledge level influences the EE-BI relationship, indicating that expertise in the subject matter affects the perceived effort.

H3d

The relationship between SI and BI is moderated by users’ knowledge of iron painting, reflecting the role of expertise in social influence.

H4d

Users’ familiarity with iron painting moderates the FC-BI relationship, suggesting that a deeper understanding of the subject may impact the perception of available resources and support.