Fig. 2
Research framework. We selected indicators based on the theoretical system and the available data to form a research framework using Handan city as a case study. In terms of spatial structure and distribution characteristics, four indicators—quantity and type, regional differences, aggregation patterns, and degree of aggregation—were chosen to analyze AMS spatial structure and distribution. For spatial correlation characteristics, Spearman correlation analysis and geographical detectors explored the quantitative-spatial relationships between AMSs and urban location factors. The coupling coordination degree model analyzed the relationship between the regeneration progress of AMSs and the urban development level, assessing the rationality of AMS regeneration progress in Handan’s districts.
