Fig. 3

Annual series of (a) human population (1950–2020), (b) precipitation (1932–2020), and (c) monthly mean maximum sea surface temperature (SSTmax; 1912–2020). Linear trend analyses represented by solid lines show significant increases in precipitation (r2 = 0.06, p = 0.01) and SSTmax (r2 = 0.40, p < 0.001, n = 108). A third-degree polynomial (r2 = 0.54, p < 0.001, n = 108) is also included for SSTmax, represented by the black dashed line. The envelopes show the associated standard error.