Table 1 Atlas osteological dimensions (in mm and mm2) of GSN BA 104’91 and KNM-BG 35250BE and comparative material. AATh: anterior arch thickness; ALF: area of the superior left articular facet; ARF: area of the superior right articular facet; mdvd: maximum dorsoventral transverse diameter; mtrd: maximum transverse diameter; M10: Canal dorsoventral maximum diameter; M11: Canal transverse maximum diameter; path: posterior arch thickness; s.d.: standard deviation; strd: superior transverse diameter; 1 L: diameter in major axis of the superior left articular facet; 2 L: diameter at a right angle to 1 L of the superior left articular facet; 1R: diameter in major axis of the superior right articular facet; 2R: diameter at a right angle to 1R of the superior right articular facet; 1 L/2L and 1R/2R: ratio between the diameter in the major axis and the orthogonal diameter.

From: New insights into the first cervical vertebrae of Otavipithecus and Nacholapithecus

Specimen/sample

AATh

MDvD

MTrD

M10

M11

PaTh

STrD

1 L

2 L

1 L/2L

ALF

1R

2R

1R/2R

ARF

GSN BA 104’91

3.9

26.4

46.2

20.8

20.0

2.1

32.5

16.6

10.3

1.6

90.7

17.0

9.4

1.8

108.2

GSN BA 13’21

 

23.0

42.0

16.0

   

15.8‡

3.7‡

4.3

-

15.8‡

3.7‡

4.3

-

KNM-BG 35250BE

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

13.6

7.3

1.9

104.6

Extant catarrhines

Cercocebus galeritus

(n = 1)

3.6

20.5

39.7

14.8

15.1

2.3

25.0

12.0

6.2

1.9

75.7

13.5

6.0

2.3

75.3

Cercocebus sp.

(n = 1)

3.3

16.4

30.5

12.3

12.8

1.3

20.2

9.0

3.8

2.4

35.2

9.3

4.2

2.2

40.3

Cercopithecus diana

(n = 2)

 mean

2.5

17.1

34.1

13.3

12.5

1.4

21.2

10.6

5.1

2.1

45.6

9.8

4.7

2.1

44.2

 range

2.5–2.5

15.9–18.3

32.2–36.0

12.3–14.4

11.6–13.3

1.3–1.6

21.1–21.3

10.4–10.7

5.0-5.2

2.0-2.1

43.4–47.8

9.6–10.1

4.4-5.0

2.0-2.2

41.8–46.7

 s.d.

0.0

1.7

2.6

1.5

1.2

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.1

3.2

0.4

0.5

0.1

3.4

Cercopithecus neglectus

(n = 1)

3.1

17.1

36.9

12.7

12.9

1.4

21.9

10.5

5.0

2.1

48.0

10.0

5.6

1.8

46.2

Chlorocebus aethiops

(n = 1)

2.1

14.8

29.1

11.0

11.6

2.1

19.5

9.5

5.5

1.7

38.3

9.7

4.2

2.3

43.9

Erythrocebus patas

(n = 2)

 mean

3.5

19.0

40.0

13.4

14.5

2.4

24.3

12.2

5.8

2.1

60.6

11.5

4.1

3.0

60.1

 range

2.9–4.2

18.0-19.9

36.2–43.8

13.1–13.7

14.0-15.1

2.2–2.6

23.8–24.8

11.1–13.3

5.0-6.6

2.0-2.2

55.3–65.9

11.5–11.6

3.1-5.0

2.3–3.6

51.1–69.1

 s.d.

0.9

1.3

5.4

0.4

0.8

0.3

0.7

1.5

1.2

0.2

7.5

0.1

1.3

0.9

12.8

Gorilla gorilla (n = 11)

 mean

8.4

49.7

82.2

35.0

30.2

6.6

54.5

25.2

10.1

2.5

239.4

25.5

9.6

2.7

246.3

 range

6.8–10.1

40.8–56.6

67.6-100.5

28.4–41.5

25.8–35.8

2.2–11.4

48.4–65.2

21.7–29.3

8.5–13.1

2.2-3.0

174.1-404.3

22.8–30.6

6.4–12.6

2.3–3.6

179.9-383.7

 s.d.

1.1

5.5

11.3

3.9

3.1

3.8

5.7

2.6

1.6

0.3

68.9

2.7

1.8

0.4

71.3

Gorilla beringei (n = 7)

 mean

6.6

49.1

84.1

35.4

27.4

6.9

54.8

22.8

10.6

2.2

218.9

21.8

11.5

1.9

219.6

 range

5.7–8.6

43.7–54.6

74.5–99.2

33.1–40.0

23.5–33.9

3.1–10.6

50.9–58.2

18.2–26.9

9.0-12.6

1.7-3.0

162.9-278.1

19.0-23.9

8.4–13.6

1.6–2.7

167.9-270.3

 s.d.

1.0

4.6

8.9

2.5

3.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

1.5

0.5

46.9

1.7

1.7

0.4

38.9

Homo sapiens (n = 10)

 mean

5.8

42.2

72.4

29.8

27.4

6.9

48.2

22.8

10.7

2.1

187.0

22.3

9.8

2.3

185.9

 range

4.4–8.1

38.2–44.5

64.6–78.4

27.4–32.2

26.0–30.0

3.4–8.5

40.6–52.7

19.4–26.3

8.5–13.4

1.7–2.6

149.1-216.7

20.1–24.9

8.3–11.7

1.9–2.9

152.3-216.7

 s.d.

1.1

1.8

3.6

1.5

1.4

1.5

3.4

2.2

1.5

0.3

24.1

1.5

1.0

0.3

19.6

Hoolock hoolock

1.7

17.8

34.8

15.4

14.6

0.9

25.3

10.1

4.3

2.4

40.1

9.5

4.3

2.2

38.7

Hylobates agilis (n = 2)

 mean

2.5

18.5

33.2

14.0

14.3

1.4

23.1

9.7

3.8

2.7

41.2

9.9

4.3

2.3

44.7

 range

2.1–3.6

17.0–20.0

28.5–37.8

13.7–14.3

14.1–14.5

1.4–1.5

21.6–24.6

9.1–10.3

2.9–4.8

2.2–3.1

32.9–49.5

8.9–10.9

3.6–4.9

2.2–2.5

36.3–53.1

 s.d.

0.8

2.1

6.6

0.5

0.3

0.0

2.1

0.9

1.3

0.7

11.7

1.4

0.9

0.2

11.9

Hylobates klossi (n = 1)

2.7

17.0

31.6

13.1

14.3

1.3

23.0

9.2

2.9

3.1

39.9

10.8

3.2

3.4

38.8

Hylobates lar (n = 2)

 mean

3.1

20.4

36.7

14.7

14.2

2.6

26.2

11.0

4.8

2.3

66.9

11.4

5.0

2.3

73.8

 range

2.2-4.0

17.9–22.9

33.0-40.3

14.6–14.8

13.5–14.8

1.0-4.1

24.6–27.8

10.9–11.0

4.2–5.3

2.1–2.6

40.3–93.6

11.3–11.5

4.3–5.6

2.0-2.7

49.0-98.6

 s.d.

1.3

3.6

5.2

0.1

0.9

2.2

2.3

0.0

0.8

0.4

37.8

0.1

0.9

0.5

35.0

Hylobates sp. (n = 3)

 mean

2.5

23.0

43.6

18.6

17.5

2.0

29.2

12.8

4.8

2.7

76.1

13.0

5.1

2.6

76.7

 range

2.1–3.4

18.4–32.3

34.9–60.7

15.2–25.3

15.5–21.5

1.2–3.5

25.8–34.8

11.4–15.1

4.1–5.4

2.1–3.2

57.0-106.9

11.2–16.3

4.2–5.9

2.2–2.7

55.0-118.1

 s.d.

0.8

8.1

14.8

5.9

3.4

1.3

4.9

2.0

0.6

0.5

27.0

2.9

0.9

0.3

35.9

Macaca arctoides

(n = 1)

3.4

18.1

30.9

13.6

13.6

1.4

22.9

10.4

4.4

2.4

35.7

11.2

3.5

3.2

38.7

Macaca fascicularis (n = 1)

2.9

17.0

31.2

11.9

12.9

2.3

21.4

9.1

3.6

2.6

35.1

9.4

2.8

3.3

31.7

Macaca fuscata (n = 2)

 mean

5.4

21.3

37.4

15.1

15.7

1.4

26.0

12.9

4.5

2.9

69.7

13.1

4.9

2.7

63.5

 range

4.7–6.1

20.6–22.0

33.9–40.8

13.6–16.6

15.0-16.3

1.2–1.6

24.1–28.0

11.3–14.6

4.2–4.8

2.7-3.0

63.7–75.7

12.3–13.9

4.6–5.3

2.6–2.7

56.3–70.7

 s.d.

0.9

1.0

4.9

2.2

0.9

0.3

2.7

2.3

0.4

0.2

8.5

1.1

0.5

0.0

10.2

Macaca maura (n = 1)

8.6

24.4

38.4

14.7

14.9

2.5

24.7

11.6

5.0

2.3

78.0

11.6

4.9

2.4

65.6

Macaca mulatta (n = 2)

 mean

3.0

18.0

34.2

13.7

13.8

1.4

22.7

10.9

4.2

2.6

48.6

10.1

4.2

2.4

45.7

 range

3.0–3.0

16.8–19.2

32.0-36.4

12.8–14.6

13.4–14.1

1.2–1.7

21.5–23.9

9.9–11.8

3.9–4.4

2.5–2.7

40.1–57.1

9.3–11.0

4.0-4.4

2.3–2.5

38.6–52.8

 s.d.

0.0

1.7

3.1

1.3

0.5

0.3

1.7

1.3

0.3

0.1

12.0

1.3

0.3

0.1

10.0

Nasalis larvatus (n = 3)

 mean

4.6

21.2

37.2

15.6

15.5

1.3

26.7

11.9

4.9

2.4

66.0

11.7

3.8

3.1

59.6

 range

3.3–5.6

20.3–22.6

34.1–42.6

14.8–16.0

14.6–16.8

1.1–1.5

23.9–28.8

11.0-12.8

4.2–5.5

2.2–2.6

49.7–75.5

11.6–11.9

3.2–4.5

2.6–3.6

48.5–68.2

 s.d.

1.2

1.2

4.7

0.7

1.2

0.2

2.5

0.9

0.7

0.2

14.2

0.2

0.7

0.5

10.1

Pan paniscus (n = 3)

 mean

3.6

30.0

55.3

23.9

22.6

2.7

40.2

15.2

6.9

2.2

176.9

15.0

7.2

2.1

183.1

 range

3.4–3.8

27.9–32.1

52.3–60.5

22.0-25.3

21.2–24.5

2.1–3.4

36.5–43.5

14.7–15.9

6.7–7.2

2.0-2.3

144.9-214.3

14.1–15.6

6.9–7.4

2.0-2.1

154.2-200.7

 s.d.

0.2

2.1

4.6

1.7

1.7

0.6

3.5

0.6

0.3

0.1

35.0

0.7

0.3

0.0

25.3

Pan troglodytes (n = 11)

 mean

5.3

35.5

64.8

25.0

23.9

4.9

45.7

19.0

8.0

2.4

221.3

19.8

7.8

2.6

241.7

 range

3.2–6.9

31.9–39.7

59.9–69.5

23.0-27.6

20.8–27.8

3.4–7.4

39.0-49.6

15.8–21.2

6.6–10.1

1.8-3.0

146.5-279.1

17.3–26.6

6.4–11.5

1.6–3.7

163.1-340.6

 s.d.

1.0

2.4

3.2

1.3

1.9

1.4

3.1

1.8

1.3

0.4

41.3

2.7

1.4

0.6

47.8

Pan sp. (n = 1)

3.5

29.8

45.2

23.0

21.6

3.0

37.9

16.6

6.4

2.6

221.1

15.4

7.1

2.2

223.4

Papio anubis (n = 5)

 mean

4.4

26.2

54.8

19.5

19.8

2.8

32.9

17.8

7.4

2.6

155.1

17.7

7.3

2.6

155.2

 range

3.4–5.4

21.6–37.5

43.5–74.3

16.2–28.0

16.9–27.4

1.6–4.6

29.3–43.1

13.5–24.7

3.8–12.7

1.9–3.5

80.9-296.8

15.1–23.8

4.0-12.2

2.0-3.8

95.5-286.3

 s.d.

0.8

6.6

11.9

4.9

4.4

1.4

5.8

4.1

3.2

0.6

83.6

3.5

3.0

0.7

76.3

Papio cynocephalus

(n = 1)

8.4

38.1

69.2

27.8

28.3

3.6

43.0

21.6

9.9

2.2

210.1

24.8

7.4

3.4

208.3

Papio hamadryas (n = 3)

 mean

5.5

30.7

55.8

21.5

21.3

4.0

37.0

18.6

7.6

2.5

174.3

18.7

7.7

2.4

182.1

 range

5.5–5.5

28.1–35.9

46.2–63.8

18.8–26.8

18.7–26.2

3.7–4.2

31.3–46.3

15.3–23.5

5.9–9.6

2.1–2.9

87.9-319.1

14.7–24.4

6.5–9.3

2.0-2.6

109.4-304.1

s.d.

0.0

4.5

8.9

4.6

4.2

0.3

8.1

4.3

1.9

0.4

126.2

5.0

1.5

0.3

106.3

Pongo abelii (n = 2)

 mean

5.7

38.8

62.2

28.2

27.4

4.4

49.9

21.3

7.6

2.8

212.1

21.7

7.6

2.8

219.0

 range

4.9–6.5

33.4–44.2

58.2–66.2

26.4–30.0

23.6–31.2

2.2–6.6

46.9–52.9

19.9–22.8

7.6–7.7

2.6-3.0

175.1-249.2

20.1–23.3

7.5–7.8

2.6–3.1

175.5-262.4

 s.d.

1.1

7.6

5.7

2.6

5.4

3.2

4.3

2.0

0.1

0.2

52.4

2.2

0.2

0.4

61.5

Pongo pygmaeus (n = 8)

6.7

45.9

67.6

32.2

20.4

7.2

46.9

24.2

11.0

2.2

329.3

23.8

11.3

2.1

357.5

 mean

5.2

37.1

60.1

28.7

23.1

3.7

47.9

21.1

9.4

2.3

238.3

21.7

9.4

2.3

247.5

 range

3.5–6.4

32.4–41.1

48.3–74.0

26.2–31.0

19.9–27.6

1.4–4.6

40.5–60.2

18.4–23.8

7.4–11.4

2.0-2.6

152.3-339.1

18.0-24.8

6.7–11.5

2.0–3.0

145.0-357.5

 s.d.

1.0

3.2

8.7

1.6

2.4

1.1

7.1

2.1

1.5

0.2

72.5

2.1

1.6

0.3

72.6

Pygathrix nemaeus (n = 1)

3.9

20.6

34.5

14.7

14.6

2.3

24.9

12.1

4.1

3.0

54.4

12.0

5.0

2.4

58.7

Semnopithecus entellus

(n = 1)

4.0

19.3

38.0

14.0

13.6

1.7

24.4

10.2

3.3

3.1

42.8

10.5

3.6

2.9

51.7

Symphalangus syndactylus (n = 1)

3.0

22.5

38.8

17.1

16.3

2.3

28.5

13.0

4.5

2.9

54.4

12.8

3.9

3.3

53.2

Trachypithecus francoisi

(n = 1)

3.7

18.5

34.5

12.7

14.4

2.0

23.4

11.5

5.3

2.2

52.7

10.9

6.6

1.7

54.5

Trachypithecus obscura

(n = 1)

4.3

18.5

33.0

12.5

13.6

2.1

24.5

11.4

4.6

2.5

60.6

11.8

5.8

2.0

70.9

Trachypithecus sp.

(n = 1)

2.0

14.6

24.6

12.0

11.0

1.1

18.2

8.8

3.4

2.6

27.9

8.7

4.1

2.1

29.0

Extant platyrrhines

Alouatta palliata (n = 2)

 mean

4.0

17.4

33.8

12.0

13.3

1.9

22.9

11.1

3.1

3.7

41.7

9.6

3.0

3.2

34.2

 range

3.3–4.7

15.8–19.0

27.0-40.5

12.0–12.0

12.1–14.4

1.0-2.9

19.6–26.2

10.4–11.9

2.3–3.9

3.0-4.5

31.5–51.9

9.5–9.6

2.9–3.1

3.1–3.3

31.7–36.7

 s.d.

1.0

2.3

9.5

0.1

1.6

1.3

4.6

1.1

1.2

1.0

14.5

0.1

0.2

0.2

3.5

Alouatta seniculus (n = 3)

 mean

4.0

18.0

31.5

12.4

13.2

1.8

24.8

10.4

4.2

2.5

58.7

10.7

3.6

3.0

52.4

 range

3.6–4.3

17.1–18.6

27.8–37.7

11.4–13.1

12.3–14.4

1.4–2.5

24.1–26.0

9.7–11.2

3.5–4.9

2.1–3.2

54.2–65.4

9.2–11.8

3.4–3.8

2.5–3.5

47.0-62.6

 s.d.

0.3

0.8

5.4

0.9

1.1

0.6

1.1

0.8

0.7

0.6

6.0

1.3

0.2

0.5

8.8

Ateles fusciceps (n = 4)

 mean

2.5

18.8

37.1

14.6

14.5

2.1

26.7

11.0

4.6

2.5

53.7

11.4

4.4

2.7

55.9

 range

2.2–2.9

17.2–19.8

35.1–38.9

12.4–15.9

12.9–15.9

1.6–2.6

24.8–28.4

10.1–12.6

3.9–5.3

1.9–3.2

41.7–61.8

9.9–12.6

3.7-5.0

2.1–3.4

49.0-62.6

 s.d.

0.3

1.2

1.9

1.6

1.3

0.4

1.6

1.1

0.6

0.6

9.5

1.1

0.6

0.6

5.7

  1. ‡Here we use the means for the left and right articular facets provided by Mocke et al. (2022).
  2. §Estimate based on the reconstruction of the left transverse process (see Beaudet et al., 2020).
  3. Since the articular facet is not complete, here we provide a minimum estimate only.
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