Table 1 Symbiotic evolution patterns among populations in DIES.
Range of values | Symbiotic patterns | Feature analysis |
|---|---|---|
\(\alpha _{ab}=\alpha _{ba}=0\) | Independent symbiosis | The four digital innovation groups develop independently without mutual interference. |
\(\alpha _{ab}\alpha _{ba}<0\) | Parasitic symbiosis | A positive symbiotic coefficient indicates a beneficiary actor, while a negative coefficient indicates a disadvantaged actor. |
\(\alpha _{ab}>0,\,\alpha _{ba}=0\) | Commensal symbiosis | A positive symbiotic coefficient indicates a beneficiary actor, whereas a coefficient of zero denotes a neutral actor. |
\(\alpha _{ab}>0,\alpha _{ba}>0\) | Mutualistic symbiosis | All four digital innovation groups benefit. |
