Table 4 Four-actor symbiosis pattern under the commensal symbiosis between the digital platform and three-actor.

From: Numerical simulation and governance framework for multi stakeholder symbiotic evolution in digital innovation ecosystems

Inter-population dynamics

Value of symbiosis coefficient

Equilibrium value

Improvement ratio

Core digital enterprises benefit

α12 = 0.25; α13 = 0.1; α14 = 0.2

x1 = 1541

x1 = 14.41%

α21 = 0; α23 = 0; α24 = 0

x2 = 994

x2 = 8.94%

α31 = 0; α32 = 0; α34 = 0

x3 = 990

x3 = 8.90%

α41 = 0; α42 = 0; α43 = 0

x4 = 980

x4 = 8.80%

Core digital enterprises unaffected

α12 = 0; α13 = 0; α14 = 0

x1 = 995

x1 = 8.95%

α21 = 0.1; α23 = 0.2; α24 = 0.1

x2 = 1440

x2 = 13.40%

α31 = 0.05; α32 = 0.1; α34 = 0.05

x3 = 1235

x3 = 11.35%

α41 = 0; α42 = 0; α43 = 0

x4 = 980

x4 = 8.80%

Innovative partners benefit

α12 = 0; α13 = 0; α14 = 0

x1 = 995

x1 = 8.95%

α21 = 0.1; α23 = 0.2; α24 = 0.1

x2 = 1391

x2 = 12.91%

α31 = 0; α32 = 0; α34 = 0

x3 = 990

x3 = 8.90%

α41 = 0; α42 = 0; α43 = 0

x4 = 980

x4 = 8.80%

Digital product users benefit

α12 = 0; α13 = 0; α14 = 0

x1 = 995

x1 = 8.95%

α21 = 0; α23 = 0; α24 = 0

x2 = 994

x2 = 8.94%

α31 = 0.05; α32 = 0.1; α34 = 0.1

x3 = 1240

x3 = 11.04%

α41 = 0; α42 = 0; α43 = 0

x4 = 980

x4 = 8.80%