Table 1 Comparison of critical literature review and proposed approach.

References	Target objective	Optimization technique	Integration of renewable powered sources, co-gen. unit and reserve provision						Load and electricity price management
References	Target objective	Optimization technique	PV	WT	FC	SH	SR	CHP	EP and EM
¹	Optimized profit and fuel cost	Imbalance mechanism	√	√	X	X	X	√	√
⁵	Reduce operating costs, reduce GHGs	Commercial solver CPLEX	√	X	X	√	√	X	√
⁸	Maximize the total profit and simultaneously minimize the generated emission	Modified Harris hawks’ optimization (MHHO)	√	√	√	X	√	√	√
¹⁰	Optimization of operating cost	Gravitational search algorithm (GSA)	√	√	√	x	√	X	√
¹¹	Cost reduction and optimum sizing of EVCS	Modified teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO)	√	√	√	X	X	X	X
¹²	Maximize the profit and minimize emission	Multi-objective black widow optimization (MOBWO)	√	√	√	X	X	√	√
¹³	Engineering design problems	Improved GJO	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
¹⁴	Reduction in operational cost	C & CG	X	√	X	X	X	√	√
¹⁵	Minimizing operation costs	Relaxed ADMM based optimization	√	√	X	X	√	X	√
This Paper	Reduction of cost and emission	GJO along with BWA and SSA	√	√	√	√	√	√	√

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