Table 2 Algorithm-specific parametric settings.

GJO

Constant

c₁ = 1.5

Arbitrary number

r = 0 to 1

Initial energy level

E₀ = -1 to 1

BWA

Constant

β = 1.5

Random number

B₀ = 0–1

Exploration phase

B_f > 0.5

Exploitation phase

B_f ≤ 0.5

SSA

Random variables

r₁, r₂, r₃ = [0, 1]

Coefficient

c = 0.5

Initial speed

v₀ = 0

Population size and Iterations (Max. number) for all the employed techniques = 20 and 200

Number of independent runs = 100