Fig. 4

Simulated hydroclimate responses in the northeast Tethys to eccentricity, precession, and CO₂ variations during the Triassic. Left panels (a–d) Annual mean net precipitation differences (shaded; units: mm d⁻¹) in response to changes in eccentricity, precession, and CO₂ levels. Regions where differences are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level are indicated by dots. Black rectangles denote the location of the Ordos Basin. Middle panels (e–h): Summer (June-July-August) precipitation differences (shaded; units: mm d⁻¹) and vertically integrated moisture transport differences (vectors, units: kg m⁻¹ s⁻¹) in response to changes in eccentricity, precession, and CO₂ levels. Right panels (i–l): Seasonal cycles of insolation, temperature, precipitation, and net precipitation for four simulation experiments (E₀, XE₀, P_max, and P_min) in the Ordos Basin. Note that the seasonal insolation in E₀ is identical to that in XE₀.