Table 2 Simulation results of the applied GWO algorithm in case of using Benchmark Errors (IAE, ISE, ITAE, and ITSE).

From: Hybrid fuzzy logic–PI control with metaheuristic optimization for enhanced performance of high-penetration grid-connected PV systems

FLC-PI _GWO_(IAE, ISE, ITAE, ITSE)

Error type

Rise time

Setting time

Overshoot

Objective function

Ki_VDCreg

Kp_VDCreg

Ki_Ireg

Kp_Ireg

K1

K2

K3

K4

K5

K6

K7

K8

K9

THD %

Time taken

IAE

171.71

330.08

1.05

5276.16

273.00

1.64

19.59

0.31

0.60

0.27

1.05

0.58

0.91

0.86

0.76

1.19

0.62

4.01

216.04

ISE

141.28

330.08

0.54

272.37

465.89

3.03

20.34

0.24

0.99

1.15

0.77

0.57

0.53

0.53

1.29

0.42

0.79

3.98

246.50

ITAE

233.81

330.08

1.92

503.63

353.83

1.90

21.14

0.29

0.76

0.92

0.91

0.92

0.74

0.78

1.31

0.79

0.94

3.98

235.76

ITSE

228.87

330.09

1.52

21.66

210.20

2.60

21.72

0.30

0.89

0.94

0.97

0.71

0.54

0.70

1.38

0.15

0.68

3.97

248.60

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