Fig. 2

Integrated proteomics analysis and pathway enrichment in HAPH. (a) Volcano plot showing the distribution of differentially expressed genes. Blue dots represent down-regulated genes, red dots represent up-regulated genes, and grey dots indicate genes with no significant changes (|log2 fold change| > 1, p.adjusted < 0.2). (b) Hierarchical clustering heatmap of differentially expressed genes across different samples. The color scale represents the normalized expression values, with red indicating up-regulation and blue indicating down-regulation. Sample groups are shown at the bottom of the heatmap. (c) Distribution of differentially expressed genes across major COG/KOG functional categories. The y-axis shows the frequency of annotated genes, and different colors represent distinct functional categories: RNA processing and modification (A), Active ion transport and metabolism (E), Signal transduction mechanisms (T), Defense mechanisms (V), and others. (d) Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes. The bar plot shows the number of genes (Count) associated with each GO term. The x-axis displays the GO terms, and the y-axis represents the gene count. (e) Enrichment analysis of key biological pathways. The dot plot shows the enrichment factors of significant pathways (p < 0.05). The size of dots represents the gene count, and the color intensity indicates the p-value significance level. Notable pathways include complement and coagulation cascades, cytoskeleton in muscle cells, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and cholesterol metabolism. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was determined using Student’s t-test with Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple testing. OPLS-DA: Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis; PCA: Principal Component Analysis; FC: Fold Change; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; GO: Gene Ontology.