Fig. 3

Ca²⁺ activity in CA3 and S1 astrocytes under WES of MS/vDB regulates SE at different phases. (a) Timeline of calcium signals collection in the Pre-WES group. (b) Representative CA3 and S1 astrocyte calcium signals (ΔF/F) 90 min after KA i.p. in the Pre-WES group. The gray shading indicates GS occurrence. The horizontal dashed line represents the baseline level of CA3 and S1 calcium signals. Unidirectional dashed arrow represents the onset and offset of baseline-rising in S1. Bidirectional solid arrows represent the amplitude of AHP-like event in CA3. (c) The same as in a for the Mid-WES group. (d) Representative CA3 and S1 astrocyte calcium signals (ΔF/F) 90 min after KA i.p. in the Mid-WES group. Unidirectional dashed arrow indicates the onset and offset of baseline-rising in CA3 and S1. Unidirectional solid arrow indicates the onset of flashing in CA3. The horizontal dashed line represents the baseline level of CA3 and S1 astrocyte calcium signals. (e) Enlarged views of calcium signals flashing (ΔF/F) in CA3 astrocytes and corresponding S1 astrocyte calcium signals (ΔF/F). (f–h) Effects of WES of the MS/vDB at different phases on survival and death in mice (f), Maximum seizure stage (g), The number of astrocyte calcium wave in CA3 and S1 after KA i.p. (h). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. Chi-square test for (f); Unpaired t-test for (g,h).