Fig. 1

Comparative analysis of soil microbial alpha diversity across different genotypes, time points, and treatment methods. Alpha diversity indices are presented across different groups: (A) individual samples, (B) genotypes, (C) sampling times, and (D) treatment types. Labels:‘BLANK’—soil samples without straw;'M'—mulching with straw surface layer;'D'—deep tillage with straw mixed in. Time points:‘M1’,‘M6’,‘M9’—months post-treatment. Gene types:‘2A_7’,‘CM8101’;‘CK’—non-transgenic,'T'—transgenic. P-values indicate statistical comparisons.