Fig. 6

KEGG pathway analysis across different maize straw soil treatments. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showing significantly enriched microbial metabolic pathways identified by LEfSe analysis in each sample group. Circle size represents Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) scores, reflecting the significance of pathway enrichment. Color gradient indicates the logarithmic scale (Logarithm Value) of pathway abundance. Sample labels indicate sampling times (M1: 1 month, M6: 6 months, M9: 9 months), Gene types (2A_7, CM8101), treatment methods (M: mulching, D: deep tillage), and genetic modification status (CK: non-transgenic, T: transgenic).“BLANK”represents untreated soil without straw addition.