Table 4 Comparison of each PAH species mass concentrations measured for each cooking method from 21 households at the follow-up.

From: Improved cookstoves enhance household air quality and respiratory health in rural Rwanda

PAH

Traditional cooking (µg m−3)

Improved stove (µg m−3)

P-value

Mean ± SD

Q0.25 – Q0.75

Mean ± SD

Q0.25 – Q0.75

1,2-Benzanthraquinone

0.15 ± 0.12

0.04–0.20

0.08 ± 0.09

0.00-0.10

1.84e-01

2,2-Binaphthyl

0.01 ± 0.01

0.00-0.01

0.01 ± 0.02

0.00-0.02

2.66e-01

9,10-Anthracenedione

1.67 ± 1.81

0.34–2.23

0.36 ± 0.57

0.08–0.37

1.22e-03*

9 H-Fluorenone

0.05 ± 0.04

0.04–0.06

0.14 ± 0.09

0.09–0.18

1.22e-04*

Anthracene

0.00 ± 0.00

0.00–0.00

0.01 ± 0.01

0.00-0.02

2.25e-02*

Benzo(a)anthracene

0.14 ± 0.11

0.05–0.19

0.22 ± 0.21

0.07–0.34

1.53e-01

Benz(a)pyrene

0.23 ± 0.18

0.09–0.33

0.43 ± 0.39

0.12–0.74

1.19e-01

Benz(e)pyrene

0.08 ± 0.05

0.03–0.11

0.14 ± 0.11

0.05–0.23

5.8e-02

Benzo(b)fluoranthene

0.21 ± 0.15

0.09–0.31

0.38 ± 0.32

0.13–0.64

6.73e-02

Benzo(b)naphtho(1,2-d)thiophene

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

Benzo(ghi)perylene

0.08 ± 0.06

0.03–0.12

0.20 ± 0.14

0.08–0.35

1.66e-02*

Benzo(k)fluoranthene

0.07 ± 0.05

0.03–0.10

0.15 ± 0.13

0.05–0.25

4.94e-02*

Chrysene(+ Triphenylene)

0.04 ± 0.03

0.02–0.06

0.06 ± 0.06

0.02–0.10

1.73e-01

Coronene

0.01 ± 0.02

0.00-0.03

0.03 ± 0.04

0.00-0.08

2.09e-02*

Cyclopenta(cd)pyrene

0.54 ± 0.58

0.12–0.85

0.90 ± 0.97

0.18–1.54

2.17e-01

Dibenzo(ah)anthracene

0.01 ± 0.01

0.00-0.02

0.02 ± 0.03

0.00-0.05

5.87e-02

Fluoranthene

0.05 ± 0.09

0.00-0.06

0.09 ± 0.12

0.00-0.15

1.68e-01

Fluorene

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene

0.13 ± 0.10

0.05–0.19

0.27 ± 0.22

0.08–0.47

6.7e-02

Phenanthrene

0.02 ± 0.02

0.00-0.03

0.04 ± 0.03

0.03–0.06

7.92e-03*

Pyrene

0.06 ± 0.10

0.00-0.08

0.11 ± 0.15

0.00-0.19

1.42e-01

Retene

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

  1. ND: Not detected.
  2. *P-value < 0.05, significant difference.
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