Table 14 Best performing model based on each learning approach.

From: Multilingual identification of nuanced dimensions of hope speech in social media texts

Learning Approach

English

Spanish

German

Binary Hope Speech Detection

Traditional ML

0.8006 SVM(RBF) unigrams

0.7779 SVM(linear) uni+bigrams

0.8076 SVM(linear) uni+bi+trigrams

DL

0.7869 BiLSTM

0.7567 CNN

0.7847 CNN

Transformers

0.8623 xlm-roberta-base

0.8387 bert-base-spanish-wwm-uncased

0.8704 bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased

Multiclass Hope Speech Detection

Traditional ML

0.5169 SVM(linear) unigrams

0.4896 SVM(linear) unigrams

0.4472 DT uni+bigrams

DL

0.5703 BiLSTM

0.5190 CNN

0.5028 BiLSTM

Transformers

0.7081 roberta-base

0.6801 xlm-roberta-base

0.7007 bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased