Table 7 Ablation study results for GraphFedAI modules.

From: GraphFedAI framework for DDoS attack detection in IoT systems using federated learning and graph based artificial intelligence

Model variant

Accuracy (%)

F1-Score (%)

False positive rate (FPR)

Communication overhead

Observed impact

Full GraphFedAI

98.7

98.4

1.2%

Moderate

Optimal performance with all modules integrated

Without interpolation

94.9

94.1

3.8%

Moderate

Drop in accuracy due to missing temporal graph continuity

Without compression module

98.2

97.8

1.6%

High (+ 41.3%)

Increased resource usage; minor accuracy drop

Centralized GNN (No federated learning)

95.7

94.9

3.2%

Very High

Reduced privacy and scalability under non-IID conditions

MLP instead of GNN

92.2

91.5

5.4%

Low

Poor spatial modeling; failed to capture graph structure