Fig. 1

Concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxicity of SF in HT22 cells. (A–D) Concentration-dependent effect of SF (12.5–100 mM) on cell viability (MTT assay, n = 5). Cells were treated with 12.5–100 mM SF for different durations (A for 24 h, B for 48 h, C for 72 h, and D for 96 h). Culture medium was replenished every 24 h. (E, F) Time-dependent effect of 25 mM E and 50 mM SF F on cell viability (MTT assay, n = 5). Culture medium was replenished every 24 h. (G–I) Change in cell viability (CCK-8 assay, n = 5) following treatment with 12.5–100 mM SF for different durations (G for 24 h, H for 48 h, and I for 72 h). Culture medium was replenished every 24 h. (J–L) Change in relative cell density (based on crystal violet staining) following treatment with 12.5–100 mM SF for different durations (J for 24 h, K for 48 h, and L for 72 h; n = 5). Culture medium was replenished every 24 h. (M–O) Change in cell number (manual cell counting) following treatment with 12.5–100 mM SF for different durations (M for 24 h, N for 48 h, and O for 72 h; n = 3). Culture medium was replenished every 24 h. Each value is the mean ± S.D. * and ** denote for P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.